《生物学中的化学》

Section A-The elements1

A1The periodic table1

A2 Electron configuration6

A3 Isotopes8

Section B-Chemical bonds and molecular shape15

B1Molecular orbitals15

B2 Nature of chemical bonding19

B3 Shapes of some small molecules24

B4 Drawing chemical structures28

B5 Cleavage of chemical bonds31

Section C-Small molecules of biological importance33

C1Water33

C2 Phosphoric acid and phosphates37

Section D-Carbon,the basis for life on Earth41

D1Properties of carbon41

D2 Naming organic compounds44

E1 Isomerism49

Section E-3D-molecular structure of organic compounds49

E2Stereoisomerism56

E3 Optical activity and resolution64

Section F-Some metals in biology67

F1The early transition metals67

F2 Iron71

F3 Magnesium and manganese76

F4 Cobalt and molybdenum81

Section G-Molecular interactions87

G1Hydrogen bonds87

G2 Hydrophobic interactions92

Section H-Common reaction types of carbon based compounds97

H1Reactive species97

H2 Classification of organic reactions101

H3 Factors affecting reactivity108

Section I-Organic compounds by chemical class113

I1Alcohols and related compounds113

I2 Aldehydes and ketones118

I3 Carboxylic acids and esters124

I4 Amines and amides128

Section J-Aromatic compounds133

J1Aromaticity133

J2 Natural aromatics138

Section K-Chemical synthesis of biological molecules145

K1Peptide synthesis145

K2 Oligonucleotide synthesis152

Section L-Aqueous behavior159

L1Lowry-Bronstead acid and base159

L2 Dissociation constants of acids and bases162

L3 Acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions165

L4 Buffers168

L5 Solubility174

Section M-Elementary thermodynamics177

M1Basic concepts177

M2 First law of thermodynamics179

M3 Second law of thermodynamics183

M4 Third law of thermodynamics186

Section N-Kinetics189

N1Introduction189

N2 Determination of reaction order193

N3 Molecularity195

N4 Enzyme kinetics198

N5 Catalysis and thermodynamic versus kinetic control205

O1 The electromagnetic sPectrum209

Section O-Spectroscopy209

O2Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry212

O3 Fluorescence217

O4 Infrared spectrophotometry221

O5 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy225

O6 Mass spectrometry234

Further reading239

Index241