《英汉翻译手册》

Chapter Ⅰ. Prerequisites for Translation1

Section Ⅰ. Importance of Translation1

Section Ⅱ. Striving to beBoth Red Expert4

Be Dedicated to Work Good at Learning4

Language Proficiency: A Prerequisite4

Exposure to a Variety of Linguistic Experiences5

Vital Importance of General Knowledge6

Basic Training in 3 Essential Aspects9

On Daching Oil-Workers Experience11

Section Ⅰ. The Correct Approach to Translation11

Chapter Ⅱ. Dialectical-Materialism in Translation11

On Yen Fu s3-Character Guide12

Errors Resulting from a Liberal or a Mechanical Approach16

Section Ⅱ. Unity of Content Form18

Translation: A Very Complex Process18

Accurate Comprehension: Foremost Concern; Adequate Representation: Crucial, Too19

Views of Western Experts21

Our Point of View21

Chapter Ⅲ. Set Our Mind to the Task23

The Gap can be Closed23

A Chinese Word Can Be Used in Many Different Senses24

Section Ⅰ. Analysis Handling of Some Familiar Words24

An English Word Can Be Used in Many Different Senses28

Unity of Accurate Comprehension and Adequate Representation31

Section Ⅱ. Analysis Handling of Proper Nouns Articles in Translation32

3 Rules on Translation of Proper Names32

Cases Wherein the Article Is Omitted in E-C Translation (14 Examples)36

Cases Wherein the Article Has to Be Translated (20 Examples)37

Section Ⅲ. Analysis Handling of Some Idioms40

Examples Showing the Rendition of Some Chinese Idioms40

Differentiation of the Commendatory Term from the Derogatory43

An Earnest Warning44

Analysis Handling of Some English Idioms45

Translation of Colloquial Expressions49

Absorption of New Expressions51

Chapter Ⅳ. An Analysis ofTranslation Techniques (C-E)57

We Beg to Differ from Two Groups of People57

What Is a Good Piece of Translation?58

Translation Techniques Do Play a Helpful Role59

List of the 8 Basic Translation Techniques59

50-Odd Sentences Showing the Usefulness of Translation Techniques (C-E)60

Section Ⅰ. Analysis of Subordination (“分清主从”)64

5 Different Cases in Which Subordination Is Called for64

Drill70

Translation of Important Expressions71

Section Ⅱ. Analysis of Diction (“选词用字”)71

In Dealing with Idiomatic Chinese Expressions81

In Dealing with Structural Words88

In Using the Correct Singular or Plural Form of a Noun90

Drill91

Wording or Rewording of a Text92

Drill93

Section Ⅲ. Analysis of Amplification (“增益”)94

By Supplying Necessary Words to Convey the Real Meaning of the Original96

By Supplying Pronouns or Nouns99

By Supplying the Necessary Connectives99

By Supplying the Required Article101

Drill102

Section Ⅳ. Analysis of Omission (“省略法”)103

Omission of The Recurring Object103

Omission of the Recurring Verb , or Replacement of It by An Auxiliary V.104

Omission for Better Economy in Words105

Repetition as a Stylistic Device107

Drill108

Section Ⅴ. Analysis of Conversion (“转换”)109

Vv. Converted into Nn.111

Adjj. or Advv. Converted into Nn.113

Adverbials Converted into Adj. Clauses114

The Active Converted into the Passive115

The Wide Use of the Passive in English117

Drill117

Section Ⅵ. Analysis of Inversion (“词序调整”)119

Natural Order in Address, Designation, etc.119

Natural Order of Adverbials120

Negative Inversion121

Order Inverted to Avoid Anti-Climax122

Order Inverted to Ensure Clarity124

Wrong Word Order Creates Confusion125

Drill126

Peculiarities in Negation127

Section Ⅶ. Analysis of Negation (“正说反译，反说正译”)127

The Affirmative vs. the Negative129

The Use of English Words with Negative Implications131

The Use of Double Negative for Emphasis137

Drill137

Section Ⅷ. Analysis of Division (“长句拆译”) in C-E138

5 Cases Wherein Division Is Usu. Necessary and Desirable139

Drill147

Section Ⅸ. Question of Translatability or Untranslatability149

Chapter Ⅴ. Applicability of C-E Translation Techniques to E-C Translation155

Section Ⅰ. C-ETranslation Techniques Are Applicable to E-C Translation155

Omission in C-E vs. Amplification in E-C156

1. Subordination in E-C158

Subordination Is Often Not to Be Employed in Isolation161

2. Diction in E-C161

Be Mindful of Collocation in Chinese162

Absorption of New English Expressions164

Vital Importance of TERMINOLOGY166

3. Amplification in E-C170

5 Cases in Which Amplification Is Usu. Called for170

4. Omission in E-C175

6 Cases in Which Omission Is Usu. Called for175

5. Conversion in E-C178

Nouns in Eng. Converted into Verbs in Chinese179

Adjj. , Prepp. , or Prepositional Phrases Usu. Converted into Vv. in Chinese180

The Passive Converted into the Active181

The Pron. Converted into the Substantive Word182

6. Inversion in E-C183

Subordinate Clause Usu. Placed before the Principal Clause183

Cases Involving an Adverbial Which in Effect Means a Clause183

Cases Involving a that- Clause Which Is Too Long185

7. Negation in E-C187

Grasp the Real Meaning from the Context188

Implied Double Negative189

8. Division in E-C191

A Careful Analysis from 3 Different Angles192

A Few Rules to Go by193

Drill (on E-C Translation Techniques)201

Drill (on Over-Worked Expressions)204

Section Ⅱ. Analysis Handling of News-Items from Western Press206

The Features of Western News Reports206

A Typical Content-packed Sentence209

There are Better Types of Newspaper English212

The Usefulness of Reading Western Newspapers and Periodicals213

On Sources Quoted by Western Reporters214

The Label lead; the Summary lead; the Main Fact lead; the Combined lead216

The Component Parts of a News-Item216

On Translation of News-Items from Western News Agencies219

Drills on Translation of substantive NewsItems224

Section Ⅲ. Methods of Analysis in the Handling of Difficult Sentences in E-C Translation226

Accurate Comprehension: the Basis226

The Usual Steps to Take in E-C: A 3-Fold Analysis227

Analysis of 3 Difficult Paragraphs228

Analysis of an Article to Be Translated233

Summary240

Chapter Ⅵ. Genuine Knowledge Comes from Practice240

Section Ⅰ. Analysis of E-C Passage Translation 35 E-C Exx.241

Translation of a Piece of Prose242

Translation of Press Commentaries245

Translation of Very Formal English (in Documents)257

Translation of Texts on Legal Matters269

Scientific Technical Register273

Translation of Texts on Scientific Technological Matters274

On Translation of Classical English287

Of Studies by F. Bacon288

A Chinese Version in Classical Style290

3 Points for Reference291

E-C Translation: A Brief Summary292

35 E-C Exx. for Independent Work292

Section Ⅱ. Analysis of C-E passage Translation 35 C-E Exx.364

Discourse Analysis , Essential365

Foreigners Are Not Chinese365

Form Be Appropriate to the Occasion368

2 Different Versions: to Su?a Formal Informal368

8 Examples of Application of Translation Techniques to Passage-Translation371

Analysis of an Article in C-E374

Translation of Texts on Political and Economic Matters Respectively378

More on a Translator s Continuing Process of Learning386

On Translation of Classical Chinese391

Comprehension: One Cannot Be Too Careful392

Representation: A Multi-Dimensional Affair396

Translation of 《十六字令》402

More Examples402

10 English Versions of 《静夜思》403

A Passage from 《红楼梦》411

Summary414

35 C-E Exx. for Independent Work416

Chapter Ⅶ. KEY to Drills Exercises470

List of KEY to Translation Exx.470

(Ⅰ) KEY to the 25 Drills on Sentence Translation475

(Ⅱ) KEY to 35 E-C Translation Exx. (1—35)501

(Ⅲ) KEY to 35 C-E Translation Exx. (36—70)552

A BRIEF SUMMARY ON TRANSLATION642

Appendix 1: Table oR E-C Transliteration648

Appendix 2: Models for Notices, Invitations, Letters, Diplomatic Notes, etc.650

Practical Writing650

The Diplomatic Note673

Personal Note675

Note Verbale678

Additional Exx. on Practical Writing683

Additional Exx. on Diplomatic Notes684

Appendix 3: Terms Expressions Relating to Conferences Documents691

Appendix 4: Romanization of Chinese Names of Persons and Places700

Appendix 5: A Brief Chinese Chronology707

Index: References Are to Chapters, Sections and Subsections710