《Table 4 Contribution of the transformation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde》

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《Kinetics and Mechanism Modeling of Liquid-Phase Toluene Oxidation to Benzaldehyde Catalyzed by Mn–Mo Oxide》

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a n Trans/n Direct represents the molar ratio of transformation part to direct one for benzaldehyde generation

Therefore，the most effi cient catalyst for the selective oxidation of toluene has a ratio of Mn/Mo=3/1.In addition，the catalytic experiments were investigated in terms of rate constants and activation energies to further analyze the root cause of the diff erent performances exhibited by the four catalysts.These kinetic parameters were obtained using Arrhenius’law and are listed in Table 5.Some increase in rate constant with the addition of molybdenum was observed in the Mn/Mo=3/1 catalyst.This is consistent with the results of Tarjomannejad et al.[39]，in which the E app value showed no signifi cant change，but the pre-exponential factors increased with a slight replacement of less active metal cations.At low Mo doping，the redox performance of the catalyst was enhanced as the synergetic eff ect between diff erent metals caused the augmentation of both toluene conversion and benzaldehyde selectivity.However，adverse conditions appeared with continuous molybdenum addition.Excessive molybdenum suppressed the catalytic performance due to the low redox activity，leading to a slow oxidation rate and high activation energy.Therefore，optimum doping with Mo for the heterogeneous catalyzed oxidation of toluene was equal to Mn/Mo=3/1.