《Table 1 Pre-clinical studies of neurogenic bowel following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI)》

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《Investigating neurogenic bowel in experimental spinal cord injury: where to begin》

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Clearly，data collected in neurally-intact organisms provides abundant evident that somatic motoneurons and autonomic preganglionic neurons are ultimately modulated by the central nervous system in the form of a complex network of brainstem，limbic，and cortical inputs[see Furness et al.（2014）].The multiple levels of colonic neural regulation（enteric，lumbosacral segmental reflexes，and modulation by the descending supraspinal inputs）demonstrate that neurogenic bowel is more nuanced than what is sometimes considered in pre-clinical and clinical research.We conducted a literature search（PubMed，Web of Science）to identify published pre-clinical studies of neurogenic bowel following SCI（summarized in Table 1）（Krogh et al.，2001） .Our analysis reveals the paucity of pre-clinical research addressing colonic and defecation abnormalities after SCI.Interpretation of this limited pre-clinical data is further compounded by the lack of standardized outcome measures these studies employed for assessing neurogenic bowel experimentally.