《Table 1.Chemical compositions and production processes of the investigated steels》

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《Feasibility of new ladle-treated Hadfield steel for mining purposes》

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Four heats of Hadfield steel were melted in an open-air manganese spinel crucible induction furnace with a capacity of 30 kg；their chemical compositions were adjusted as given in Table 1.Each heat was poured into a sodium silicate–sand mold of a standard sample cavity and cored with CO2 according to standard ASTM A781，as given in Fig.1.Both the molten metals of ordinary Hadfield steel of heat H3 and chromium-containing Hadfield steel of heat H4 were ladle treated with a specific amount of Ca–Si and ferrosilicon magnesium，as specified in Table 1.However，the other two heats，H1and H2，were cast directly into their molds.Afterward，the H2 steel was subjected to a conventional heat treatment process through solution annealing at 1100°C for 1h and rapid quenching in water.Thus，four grades of Hadfield steels were produced:（1）ordinary as-cast Hadfield steel（H1）；（2）heat-treated Hadfield steel（H2）；（3）ladle-treated Hadfield steel（H3）；and（4）ladle-treated Hadfield steel containing 1wt%chromium（H4）.Samples were collected from the four ingots and prepared for microstructure observations by being ground，polished，and subsequently etched with 3vol%nital solution.