《数字图象处理》

Contents1

PREFACE xiii1

Part One1

1 IMAGES AND DIGITAL PROCESSING1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 The Elements of Digital Image Processing2

1.3 Philosophical Considerations7

1.4 Digital Image Processing in Practice10

Problems11

References11

2 DIGTIZING IMAGES13

2.1 Introduction13

2.2 Characteristics of an Image Digitizer14

2.3 Types of Image Digitizers15

2.4 Image-Digitizing Components16

2.5 Electronic Image Tube Cameras21

2.6 Solid-State Cameras24

2.7 Film Scanning28

2.8 Summary of Important Points33

Problems34

Projects35

References35

3 DIGITAL IMAGE DISPLAY37

3.1 Introduction37

3.2 Display Characteristics39

3.3 Volatile Displays49

3.4 Permanent Displays49

3.5 Summary of Important Points52

References53

Problems53

Projects53

4 IMAGE-PROCESSING SOFTWARE55

4.1 Introduction55

4.2 Image-Processing Systems56

4.3 The User Interface57

4.4 The Software Development Process61

4.5 Summary of Important Points68

Problems68

Projects69

References69

5 THE GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAM71

5.1 Introduction71

5.2 Uses of the Histogram75

5.3 Relationship Between Histogram and Image77

5.4 Summary of Important Points80

Problems80

Projects80

References81

6 POINT OPERATIONS83

6.1 Introduction83

6.2 Point Operations and the Histogram86

6.3 Applications of Point Operations91

6.4 Summary of Important Points96

Problems97

Projects99

7 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS101

7.1 Introduction101

7.2 Algebraic Operations and the Histogram102

7.3 Applications of Algebraic Operations106

Problems112

7.4 Summary of Important Points112

Projects113

8 GEOMETRIC OPERATIONS115

8.1 Introduction115

8.2 Gray-Level Interpolation117

8.3 The Spatial Transformation120

8.4 Applications of Geometric Operations125

8.5 Summary of Important Points137

Problems137

Projects139

References140

9 LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY143

9.1 Introduction143

Par Two143

9.2 Harmonic Signals and Complex Signal Analysis145

9.3 The Convolution Operation148

9.4 Some Useful Functions158

9.5 Convolution Filtering163

9.6 Conclusion166

9.7 Summary of Important Points167

Problems167

Projects168

References169

10 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM171

10.1 Introduction171

10.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform178

10.3 Linear Systems and the Fourier Transform186

10.4 The Fourier Transform in Two Dimensions193

10.5 Correlation and the Power Spectrum201

10.7 Summary of Important Points203

10.6 Summary of Fourier Transform Properties203

Problems205

Projects206

References206

11 FILTER DESIGN207

11.1 Introduction207

11.2 Lowpass Filters207

11.3 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters209

11.4 High-Frequency Enhancement Filters212

11.5 Optimal Linear Filter Design216

11.6 Order Statistic Filters247

11.7 Summary of Important Points250

Problems250

References251

Projects251

12 PROCESSING SAMPLED DATA253

12.1 Introduction253

12.2 Sampling and Interpolation253

12.3 Computing Spectra262

12.4 Aliasing264

12.5 Truncation266

12.6 Digital Processing269

12.7 Controlling Aliasing Error273

12.8 Digitally Implemented Linear Filtering275

12.9 Summary of Important Points277

Problems277

Projects278

References279

13.1 Introduction281

13 DISCRETE IMAGE TRANSFORMS281

13.2 Linear Transformations282

13.3 Basis Functions and Basis Images285

13.4 Sinusoidal Transforms286

13.5 Rectangular Wave Transforms290

13.6 Eigenvector-Based Transforms294

13.7 Transform Domain Filtering299

13.8 Summary of Important Points300

Problems301

Projects301

References301

14 WAVELET TRANSFORMS303

14.1 Introduction303

14.2 The Continuous Wavelet Transform308

14.3 The Wavelet Series Expansion312

14.4 The Discrete Wavelet Transfom314

14.5 Wavelet Selection343

14.6 Applications345

14.7 Summary of Important Points346

Problems347

Projects348

References348

15 OPTICS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS351

15.1 Introduction351

15.2 Optics and Imaging Systems353

15.3 Diffraction-Limited Optical Systems357

15.4 Imaging System Aberrations366

15.5 Imaging System Resolution368

15.6 The Analysis of Complete Systems371

15.7 Examples377

15.8 Summary of Important Points381

Problems383

Projects385

References385

Part Three387

16 IMAGE RESTORATION387

16.1 Introduction387

16.2 Classical Restoration Filters388

16.3 Linear Algebraic Restoration393

16.4 Restoration of Less Restricted Degradations397

16.5 Superresolution403

16.6 System Identification408

16.7 Noise Modeling414

16.8 Implementation416

16.9 Summary of Important Points425

Problems426

Projects428

References428

17 IMAGE COMPRESSION431

17.1 Introduction431

17.2 Lossless Compression Techniques432

17.3 Lossy Image Coding435

17.4 Transform Image Coding438

17.5 Image Compression Standards441

17.6 Summary of Important Points442

Problems443

Projects443

References444

18.1 Introduction447

18 PATTERN RECOGNITION:IMAGE SEGMENTATION447

18.2 The Image Segmentation Process450

18.3 Image Segmentation by Thresholding452

18.4 Gradient-Based Segmentation Methods460

18.5 Edge Detection and Linking464

18.6 Region Growing468

18.7 Binary Image Processing470

18.8 Segmented Image Structure478

18.9 Summary of Important Points482

Problems482

Projects483

References483

19.1 Introduction487

19.2 Size Measurements487

19 PATTERN RECOGNITION:OBJECT MEASUREMENT487

19.3 Shape Analysis492

19.4 Texture Analysis499

19.5 Curve and Surface Fitting501

19.6 Summary of Important Points507

Problems507

Projects509

References509

20 PATTERN RECOGNITION:513

CLASSIFICATION AND ESTIMATION513

20.1 Introduction513

20.2 Classification513

20.3 Feature Selection515

20.4 Statistical Classification518

20.5 Neural Networks527

20.6 Proportion Estimation538

20.7 Summary of Important Points542

Problems543

Projects544

References544

21 COLOR AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE PROCESSING547

21.1 Introduction547

21.2 Multispectral Image Analysis548

21.3 Color Image Processing548

21.4 Summary of Important Points561

Problems561

Projects562

References562

22 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE PROCESSING563

22.1 Introduction563

22.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging566

22.3 Computerized Axial Tomography582

22.4 Stereometry585

22.5 Stereoscopic Image Display590

22.6 Shaded Surface Display593

22.7 Summary of Important Points599

Problems599

Projects600

References601

A1 GLOSSARY OF IMAGE PROCESSING TERMS603

A2 BIBLIOGRAPHY611

A2.1 Books611

A2.2 Research Papers621

A3 MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND637

A3.1 Linear Algebra637

A3.2 Set Theory649

INDEX651