《有机和生物有机机理》求取 ⇩

1 THE TRANSITION STATE1

1.1 Mechanism as a progression of states1

1.2 Structure and its interpretation1

1.3 Interconversion of states—reaction and encounter complexes4

1.4 Methods of representing reaction mechanisms4

1.5 General considerations concerning reaction mechanisms6

1.6 Energy transfer，redistribution and relaxation12

1.7 Stereoelectronic effects16

1.8 Principle of non-perfect synchronization18

1.9 Principle of least nuclear motion19

1.10 Is the transition state a molecule?19

2 KINETICS AND MECHANISM23

2.1 Introduction23

2.2 Kinetic method24

2.3 Rate law and mechanism25

2.4 Steady state and non-steady state25

2.5 Rate-limiting step26

2.6 Curtin-Hammett principle28

2.7 Which transition state is being observed kinetically?29

2.8 Demonstration of intermediates by kinetics30

2.9 Change in mechanism33

2.10 Rules for change in mechanism or rate-limiting step36

2.11 Trapping of intermediates37

2.12 Composition of the transition state of the rate-limiting step38

2.13 Kinetic ambiguities40

2.14 Microscopic reversibility42

2.15 Kinetic and thermodynamic control43

2.16 Isotope labelling te?h?ques and de?ection of intermediates45

3 THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN REACTANT STRUCTURE52

3.1 Introduction52

3.2 Comparison of known with unknown—the Leffler approach52

3.3 Polar and steric substituent effects53

3.4 Hammett’s equation55

3.5 Bronsted’s equation62

3.6 Transition-state acidity and transition-state complexation74

3.7 Topology of transition states75

4 KINETIC AND EQUILIBRIUM ISOTOPE EFFECTS80

4.1 Origin of isotope effects80

4.2 Measurement of kinetic isotope effects84

4.3 Primary isotope effects86

4.4 Solvent isotope effects88

4.5 Heavy-atom isotope effects92

4.6 Sccondary isotope effects and transition-state structure94

5 TRANSITION STATES FROM EXTERNAL EFFECTS97

5.1 Introduction97

5.2 Solvent effects97

5.3 Reactions in strongly acidic and strongly basic media101

5.4 Solvent ionizing power105

5.5 Variation of pressure and temperature107

6 TRANSITION STATE STRUCTURES-ANOMALIES116

6.1 Introduction116

6.2 Reactivity-selectivity relationship116

6.3 Microscopic medium effects121

6.4 Curvature in free-energy relationships123

6.5 Bronsted anomalies128

6.6 Do experimental parameters directly measure transition-state structures?130

7 BIO-ORGANIC GROUP TRANSFER REACTIONS134

7.1 Relative timing of bond formation and bond fission134

7.2 Acyl group transfer145

8 CATALYSIS161

8.1 Reactivity161

8.2 Coenzymes166

8.3 Proton transfer174

8.4 Metal ions179

8.5 Intramolecular reactions184

9 COMPLEXATION CATALYSIS196

9.1 General considerations196

9.2 Covalent catalysis198

9.3 Inclusion complexation199

9.4 Catalysis by organized aggregates and phases205

9.5 Future directions212

10 SOME ENZYMES214

10.1 Introduction214

10.2 Enzymes catalysing acyl group transfer215

10.3 Catalysis of proton transfer reactions224

10.4 Carbon-carbon bond formation and fission232

10.5 Transfer of the hydride ion235

10.6 Alkyl group transfer240

APPENDICES247

A.1 IUPAC system for symbolic representation of reaction mechanisms247

A.2 Supplementary tables248

A.3 Estimation of ionization constants258

A.4 Estimation of partition coefficients261

A.5 Fitting data to theoretical equations264

REFERENCES267

INDEX291