《Table 2 Clinical studies about nivolumab》

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《PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade works as an effective and practical therapy for cancer immunotherapy》

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As shown in Tables 1–3 and many other studies，PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies produced a significantly lower rate of high-grade TR adverse events than other immunotherapies，chemotherapies，and standard therapies38，39.This mainly be attributed to the mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway functioning.The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway negatively regulates the immune response mainly in peripheral tissues including the tumor microenvironments40.Moreover，as PD-1/PD-L1blocking therapy mainly activates the inactivated，mature T cells and B cells，and prevents the inactivation of mature T cells and B cells，it mainly affects the late phase of the immune response.Thus，PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies produced significantly lower rate of high-grade TR adverse events.According to the studies listed in Tables 1–3，fatigue was the most common TR adverse events.Decreased appetite，asthenia，diarrhea，pneumonitis，rash，and pruritus were also common TR adverse events.