《Table 1–The composition of liposome, invasome and transfersome formulations.》

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《"Vesicular carriers containing phenylethyl resorcinol for topical delivery system; liposomes, transfersomes and invasomes"》

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Preparation of PR-loaded transfersomes and invasomes was followed and modified from the method of Limsuwan et al.[13].The PR in the formulations was fixed as 0.5%（w/v）.The0.5%（w/v）CHOL，3%（w/v）SPC and water up to 100%（v/v）were the main composition of liposomes.The skin enhancers were varied in terms of concentrations and ratios as shown in the Table 1.The invasome formulations used fenchone，citral and d-limonene mixed with 10%（v/v）ethanol as skin enhancers.The transfersome formulations used Tween 80，Tween 20，Span 80，Span 20 and SDC as skin enhancers.All compositions were prepared by thin-film hydration method as follows:First，the oil phase which included SPC，CHOL，PR and skin enhancer were dissolved in absolute ethanol.The aqueous phase used was water for liposomes and transfersomes；a hydro-ethanolic solution consisting of water and 10%（v/v）absolute ethanol for invasomes.Second，the oil phase and aqueous phase were separately sonicated at 60°C for30 min until homogeneity.Then，the absolute ethanol was removed from oil phase via evaporation by a rotary evaporator（Model Eyela N-1000 series，Tokyo Rikakikai Co.，Ltd.，Japan）while the other components formed the thin lipid film.Afterward，the lipid film was hydrated with 10 ml of aqueous phase，followed by shaking for 5 min.Finally，the mixtures were sonicated at 60°C for 30 min to obtain the complete formulations.