《Table 1 Contact angles of droplets on clean and treated quartz substrates》

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《Impacts of Wettability on Immiscible Fluid Flow Pattern-Microfluidic Chip Experiment》

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The contact angles measured for various surrounding fluid-liquid droplet combination such as air-water，airoil，oil-water，and water-oil are summarized in Table 1.A total of 16 substrates were used for the CA measurement.The contact angle of a water droplet in air was measured on 16 clean substrates to check the dependence of CA on individual substrate prior to surface coating.The mean value of the measured contact angles wasμ[θ]=44°with a standard deviationσ[θ]=3.8°.In an air-water dropletsubstrate system，water was the wetting phase on all four types of surfaces（viz:clean，1%SNP-coated，25%SNP-coated，and TES-coated substrates）.The SNP coating modified the substrate to the more water-wet condition:The CA of the SNP-coated substrates were 36.1°and39.9°.However，the TES-coated substrate showed an intermediate wet condition（CA=74.1°）.In an air-oil droplet-substrate system，the contact angles of the oil on all substrates were even lower than the CAs of water on the corresponding substrates.The substrate coated by 1%SNP solution showed the lowest CA.In an oilwater droplet-substrate system，the clean and SNP-coated quartz substrates showed water-wet condition，however，the TES-coated substrate showed oil-wet condition.In addition，only the 1%SNP solution coating could reduce the CA of a water droplet from 55.6°for clean quartz to35.9°for coated substrate.There was no considerable effect of the 25%SNP solution coating on the CA reduction.In the water-oil droplet-substrate system，the contact angles of an oil droplet were over 146°（water-wet）on the clean and both SNP-treated substrates，and were around 102°on the TES-treated substrate.