《Table 1.Variable operating factors and levels used in ma-chining tests》

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《Microstructure refinement and work hardening in a machined surface layer induced by turning Inconel 718 super alloy》

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The machining process was carried out on a lathe center using a continuously variable spindle rotation speed with a maximum speed of 6000 r/min.Cylindrical specimens 34mm in diameter and 170 mm in length were fabricated from a cylindrical forging bar of the alloy.The cutting conditions are given in Table 1.Fig.2（a）shows a schematic of the turning process.To measure the cutting forces（main cutting force Fc，feed force Ff，and thrust force Fp），a dynamometer（Kistler Inc.，model 9257B），a charge amplifier（Kistler Inc.，model 5019）and computer software were used.For temperature measurement，an infrared thermal camera（FLUKE Ti400）was used；the camera was mounted approximately1.2 m behind the machining area.A total of 20–60 frames of the cutting process were recorded for each test，and the highest temperature near the machining zone in each frame was extracted.The average value of the highest temperature in all of the stable cutting frames was calculated.Cross-section of specimens of Inconel 718 machined under different cutting conditions was obtained by wire electrical discharge machining for microstructure observation.