《Table 2.Metrics for ENSO and the East Asian monsoon discussed in this study.》

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《Potential impacts of enhanced tropical cyclone activity on the El Nio–Southern Oscillation and East Asian monsoon in the mid-Piacenzian warm period》

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*Estimated as the regional-averaged SST anomaly between the equatorial（5°S5°N）western Pacific（120°160°E）and eastern Pacific（140°80°W）Nio 3.4 region（5°S5°N；170120°W）Estimated as the regional-averaged meridional wind at 850 hP a ove

To compare the effect of TC-induced vertical mixing with that of the boundary conditions（e.g.，higher CO2concentration），we introduce an East Asian monsoon index defined as the regionally averaged meridional wind at 850 hPa over East Asia（Jiang et al.2013）.It is shown in Table 2 that the East Asian summer monsoon is intensified in MP＿mix.GL and MP＿mix.CENP with respect to PI，but the change in monsoon intensity arising from enhanced vertical mixing（MP＿mix.GL/MP＿mix.NP minus MP）is larger than that caused by the PRISM3D boundary conditions（MP minus PI）.This result indicates a dominant role of TC-induced vertical mixing in controlling the summer monsoon.In contrast，the East Asian winter monsoon is weaker in MP＿mix.GL and MP＿mix.NP relative to PI，though it is intensified compared to MP.This result indicates that the role of mid-Piacenzian boundary conditions overwhelms the effect of TC-induced mixing in the winter monsoon.