《Table 2 Effects of sowing date (SD) and seeding rate (SR) on seedling emergence and development bef

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《"Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China"》

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1) EAT，accumulated temperature during seedling emergence；ATBW，accumulated temperature before winter.2) SD1，SD2，and SD3，sowing dates on 20 September，1 October，and 10 October，respectively.3) SR67.5，SR90，and SR112.5，three seeding rates of 67.5，90，

The delay in sowing from 20 September to 10 October increased the days of seedling emergence and the accumulated temperature for seedling emergence in all three seasons，while average daily temperature from sowing to seedling emergence decreased（Table 2）.The relatively lowaccumulated temperature at SD2 and SD3 in 2014–2015 was a result of the low average daily temperature during seedling emergence，compared with that in 2012–2013 or 2013–2014.Late sowing also decreased the leaf number in the main stem and the tiller number before winter in all three seasons（Table 2）.Notably，the leaf number of the main stem and the tiller number at SD2 in 2012–2013，SD3 in 2013–2014，and both SD1 and SD2 in 2014–2015，were close to the standards of strong seedlings with 6–6.5 leaves in the main stem and 4–5 tillers per plant before winter（Campbell et al.1991）.In addition，there was large seasonal variation in the accumulated temperature，leading to the seasonal differences in sowing date for strong seedlings before winter（Table 2）.