《Table 3 Results of the provincial panel regression》

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《Inter-provincial Differences in Rice Multi-cropping Changes in Main Double-cropping Rice Area in China: Evidence from Provinces and Households》

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Notes:labor，early，cashcrop，mech，apop，and agdp are the vectors for agricultural labor price，relative price of early rice，proportion of cash crop area to all crops’area，total power of agricultural machinery per unit area，proportion of agricultural

Agricultural machinery was commonly applied for harvesting and plowing in most surveyed villages.However，transplanting late rice still relied on manpower，which was the main labor input during the busy season time window.The number of days spent on all production processes during the busy season was estimated from survey data；labor input was calculated only for transportation time when machinery was employed for farming tasks.The labor required per unit area（1 ha）was quite similar for each of the three provinces according to our survey.Harvesting early rice usually needed two workdays（1）and plowing needed one workday of manual labor.In comparison，once agricultural machinery was employed，plowing using a small tractor took 0.5 workdays.Using the survey data from Zhejiang，Jiangxi，and Guangxi，we calculated the LPI values shown in Table 4.