《Table 3–Adhesion free energies (mJ/m2) at contact between the membrane and the various sludge sampl

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《Thermodynamic prediction and experimental investigation of short-term dynamic membrane formation in dynamic membrane bioreactors:Effects of sludge properties》

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As noted earlier，following the initial adhesion of sludge flocs to the membrane surface，the adhesion interactions of membrane–sludge flocs are mostly overtaken by the cohesion interactions of sludge flocs–sludge flocs.Table 4 shows the calculated cohesion free energy per unit area at contact for the various sludge floc–sludge floc combinations.It was found that AB interaction was more important in the sludge cohesion process than LW and EL interactions.Referring to the significances of the positive and negative interaction energy in Section 2.1，the positive value ofΔGswsTOTin the sludge C–sludge C combination indicated that the sequential cohesion of sludge C encountered resistance when the deposited sludge flocs initially formed a sludge layer on the membrane surface，which was against the DM layer formation.Conversely，the negative values ofΔGswsTOTin the sludge A–sludge A and sludge B–sludge B combinations signified the attractive effect during the cohesion of sludge flocs on the sludge layer formed，which facilitated the continuous cohesion of sludge flocs.Moreover，the stronger level of attraction in sludge A–sludge A than in sludge B and sludge B indicated that sludge A more readily forms a DM layer than sludge B.