《Table 4–Spatio-temporal repeated measures analysis of estrogen concentrations at four depths over t

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《Effect of biochar on fate and transport of manure-borne estrogens in sandy soil》

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The spatio-temporal repeated measures analysis carried out using SAS（SAS Institute Inc.，2010）also showed significantly higher concentrations of both estrogens（H0:p<0.05）in SBS450_Pol as compared to S_Pol（Table 4）indicating the higher retention of estrogen in the presence of biochar.The porous structure of biochar with a large surface area and welldeveloped functional groups on the surface increases the sorption capacity of sandy soil，leading to a cutback in the mobility of both estrogens in biochar amended-soil as compared to soil.The primary functional groups，including hydroxyl，amino，ketone，ester，nitro aldehyde and carboxyl groups at the edges of stacked carbon sheets formed during pyrolysis，promote the highly reactive surface of biochar（Reid et al.，2013）.The highly aromatic nature，high surface area，micropore volume，and high surface density of functional groups in biochar enhance the strong interaction of biochar with hydrophobic organic compounds such as estrogens（Jung et al.，2013）.