《Table 4 Literature-reported biomarkers for diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment of PD》

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《Translational Informatics for Parkinson's Disease:from Big Biomedical Data to Small Actionable Alterations》

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Note:Molecule types includes gene，RNA，protein，and metabolite；CSF，cerebrospinal fluid；PET，positron emission tomography；EEG，electroencephalograph；SPECT，single photon emission computed tomography；REM，rapid eye movement.

As illustrated in Table 4，biological molecules，such as genes，RNAs，proteins，and metabolites，play important roles in PD evolution.For example，cerebro-spinal fluid（CSF）asynuclein was one of the well-studied proteins implicated in PD pathogenesis，and its genetic variability was a prognostic marker for PD，PD with dementia，and dementia with Lewy bodies[32].Ritz et al.[33]demonstrated that a-synuclein genetic variants were associated with the development of faster motor symptoms in idiopathic PD.In addition，Ballard et al.[34]reported that CSF a-synuclein had the potential for diagnosing PD and related dementias.Mollenhauer et al.[26]found that CSF a-synuclein was also a useful indicator in PD patients undergoing dopamine replacement therapy.Moreover，plasma and skin nerve a-synuclein is valuable in predicting PD cognitive impairment and idiopathic PD，respectively[35，36].Another key player，CSF b-amyloid 1–42，was a powerful predictor of the progression of cognitive impairment，dementia，and dopa-resistant gait in PD.For example，a lower level of CSF b-amyloid 1–42 was common in advanced PD patients with cognitive decline and could be used to predict cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed PD[37].Alves et al.[38]indicated that the CSF levels of bamyloid 1–42 were lower in PD patients with dementia.The abnormal expression of this protein increased the risk of dementia development，which was used for the early prognosis of PD dementia[38].Moreover，a decrease in b-amyloid 1–42was also involved in the pathology of dopa-resistant gait in early PD[39].