《托福语法疑难题解》

Part One TENSES1

Ⅰ.PRESENT TIME FORMS1

(1) Present Tense1

(2) FreQuency Adverbs With Present Tenses1

(3) Modals and Other Expressions in Present Time2

(4) Present Continuous4

(5) Modals in Continuous Form5

(6) Present Perfect6

(7) Present Perfect Continuous8

Practice Test 1 and the Answers8

Ⅱ.PAST TIME FORMS11

(1) Past Tense11

(2) Past Continuous12

(3) Past Perfect13

(4) Past Perfect Continuous15

(5) Past Tine Form of Modals15

Practice Test 218

Ⅲ.FUTURE TIME FORMS20

(1) Future Tense20

(2) Modals in Future Time21

(3) Future Continuous23

(4) Future Perfect24

(5) Future Perfect Continuous25

Practice Test 3 and the Answers26

Part Two PASSIVE VOICE AND CAUSATIVE PASSIVE VOICE29

Ⅰ.THE PASSIVE VOICE29

Ⅱ.THE CAUSAIVE PASSIVE VOICE31

Practice Test 4 and the Answers32

Ⅰ.FORMATION OF QUESTIONS35

Part Three FORMATION OF QUESTIONS，TAG ENDINGS，AND NEGATIVE QUESTIONS35

Ⅱ.TAG ENDINGS36

(1) Tag Endings With“Be”37

(2) Tag Endings with Present and Past Tenso Action Verbs37

(3) Tag Endings with Other Auxiliaries38

Ⅲ.NEGATIVE QUESTIONS38

Practice Test 5 and the Answers39

Part Four INDIRECT SPEECH42

Ⅰ.REPORTING VERBS42

Ⅱ.SEQUENCE OF TENSES42

Ⅲ.OTHER INDIRECT SPEECH FORMS44

Part Five THE CONDITIONAL FORM46

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES46

Practice Test 6 and the Answers50

Ⅰ.INFENITIVES54

Part Six VERBALS54

(1) Other Types of Infinitives55

(2) Verbs Followcd by Infinitives56

(3) Infinitives in Short Responses58

Ⅱ.GERUNDS59

(1) Gerunds With Verbs59

(2) Gerunds With Other Expressions61

(3) Perfect Form of the Gerunds62

(4) Passive Form of the Gerunds63

(5) Perfeet Passive Form of the Gerunds63

Ⅲ.VERB WORDS64

Proposals66

Practice Test 7 and the Answers68

Part Seven PARTS OF SPEECH72

Ⅰ.NOUNS72

Ⅱ.ARTICLES74

Ⅲ.VERBS77

(1) Tow-Word Verbs79

(2) Verbs Followed by Indirect Object79

Ⅳ.ADJECTIVES80

(1) Present and Psat Participles as Adjectives80

(2) Adjectives Aftcr State of Being Verbs and Linking Verbs81

(3) ADjectives of Emotion Followed by Adverbial That Clauses82

(4) Comparison of Adjectives82

(5) Adjectives With Countable and Uncountable Nouns85

(6) Additional Rules About Adjectives86

Ⅴ.ADVERBS88

(1) Comparison of Advcrbs89

(2) Other Adverbs90

(3) Position of Adverbs93

(2) Other Pronouns95

(1) Subject Pronouns95

Ⅵ.PRONOUNS95

(3) Possessive Adjective Pronouns96

(4) Posscssive Noun Pronouns96

(5) Reflexive Pronouns97

(6) Demonstrative Pronouns97

(7) Relative Puonouns98

Ⅶ.PREPOSITIONS101

Practice Test 8 and the Answers106

Part Eight WRITING STRUCTURE AND FORM114

Ⅰ.SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT114

Ⅱ.PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT118

Ⅲ.TYPES OF CLAUSES AND SENTENCES120

(1) Indepcndent and Dependent Clauses121

(2) Types of Sentences122

(1) Kinds of Conjunctions124

Ⅳ.USING CONJUNCTIONS124

(2) Some Common Conjunctions125

Ⅴ.ESTABLISHING A VIEWPOINT：TENSE CONSISTENCY127

(1) Modifying Adjective Phrases with Participles129

(2) Additional Uses of Participles and Phrases131

Ⅵ.PARALLEL STRUCTURE133

Special Word Order135

Ⅶ.BASIC RULES OF WRITTEN EXPRESSION136

Ⅷ.LITERARY VARIATION IN SENTENCE.ORDER139

Practice Test 9 and the Answers140

Practice Test 10 and the Answers145

Practice Test 11 and the Answers150

Practice Test 12 and the Answers154

Practice Test 13 and the Answers159

Practice Test 14 and the Answers163

Practice Test 15 and the Answers168

Practice Test 16 and the Answers172

Practice Test 17 and the Answers178

Practice Test 18 and the Answers181

Practice Test 19 and the Answers186

Practice Test 20 and the Answers191

Grammar Test of the TOEFL May，1987and the Answers196

Grammar Test of the TOEFL August，1987 and the Answers201

Grammar Test of the TOEFL November，1987 and the Answers207

Grammar Test of the TOEFL May，1988 and the Answers213

Grammar Test of the TOEFL October，1988 and the Answers218

Grammar Test of the TOEFL January，1989 and the Answers224

Grammar Test of the TOEFL May，1989 and the Answers230

Grammar Test of the TOEFL August， 1989 and the Answers235

Grammar Test of the TOEFL October，1989 and the Answers241