《语言与交际 语言学概论 英文版》

Chapter 1 Language,Meaning and Context: Pragmatics1

Pragmatic Meaning1

Context2

Presupposition as Shared Knowledge6

Preface7

Paving the Way9

Implicature9

Defining Properties of Language10

Cooperative Principle12

Conversational Maxims13

An Overview of Modern Linguistics13

Speech Acts14

Why speech acts?14

The distinction between doing and saying16

Classification of illocutionary acts18

Language and Communication19

Nonverbal Communication20

Felicity conditions for illocutionary acts20

Direct and indirect illocutionary acts22

Politeness in Language24

The notion of face25

Positive politeness vs. negative politeness26

Pragmatic Failure in Cross-Cultural Communication27

Recommended Readings29

Exercises30

Chapter 2 The Sound System of Language:Phonology35

Vocal Tract35

The Phonetic Alphabet36

Classification and Description of the Speech Sounds39

Consonants40

Vowels43

Minimal Pairs48

The Phoneme49

Phonological Rules51

Suprasegmentals53

Recommended Readings60

Exercises60

Chapter 3 The Analysis of Word Structure:Morphology69

The Nature of Words69

Morpheme Classification71

Allomorphs78

Features of Morphemes80

Word Formation83

Exercises97

Recommended Readings97

Chapter 4 The Analysis of Meaning: Semantics101

Meanings of Meaning102

Approaches to the study of meaning102

Meaning-carriers104

Types of meaning106

Words and Their Meanings107

Ambiguity revisited107

Semantic normality and abnormality109

Types of Sense Relations of Words110

Syntagmatic relationships111

Paradigmatic relationships115

Semantic Field122

Componential Analysis123

Idioms125

Recommended Readings125

Exercises126

Chapter 5 The Structure of Sentence:Syntax131

Immediate Constituent133

Phrase Structure Rules139

Transformation151

Current Approaches to the Study of Syntax173

X-bar theory175

Alpha movement181

Island constraints196

Recommended Readings202

Exercises203

Chapter 6 Language Change207

Language Change and Historical Linguistics208

Family tree hypothesis210

Grimm's Law214

Wave theory214

Aspects of Language Change216

Phonological change216

Morphological change218

Lexical change222

Semantic change224

Syntactic change225

Reasons for Language Change228

Language Typology231

Isolating, agglutinative and inflectional231

Word order234

Recommended Readings235

Exercises235

Chapter 7 Language Variation241

Code Switching242

New York City study248

Variation and Social Class248

Social stratification in other communities250

The consensus view vs. the conflict view of social class253

Variation and Social Network255

Variation and Gender259

Gender and sociolinguistic variation261

Gender differences in conversation265

Gender differences in interactional strategies267

Two Approaches to Gender Variation: Dominance or Difference?270

Language and the Social Construction of Gender275

Variation and Style277

Style as attention paid to speech277

Style as audience design279

Speaker-based approaches to style281

Variation and Language Change284

Change in real and apparent time285

Origin and propagation of change286

Recommended Readings292

Exercises292

Chapter 8 Language Acquisition295

First Language Acquisition295

Stages in first language acquisition297

Issues in first language acquisition314

Second Language Acquisition328

Issues in second language acquisition329

Recommended Readings333

Exercises334

References335

Glossary347

Subject Index367