《THE LAW OF THE SEA IN A NUTSHELL》

CHAPTER Ⅰ.NATIONALITY OF VESSELS1

A.Introduction1

B.The Right of States to Confer Nationality Upon a Ship3

1.General Principle3

2.Limitations3

3.Genuine Link5

C.Documentation and Registration8

D.Ships or Vessels12

CHAPTER Ⅱ.DUTIES AND JURISDICTION OF FLAG STATE AND RESTRICTIONS ON JURISDICTION OF STATES OVER FOREIGN VESSELS15

A.Duties of Flag State15

B.Jurisdiction of Flag State and Restrictions on Jurisdiction of States Over Foreign Vessels17

1.High Seas17

2.United States Practice Concerning Search and Seizure on the High Seas23

3.Contiguous Zone27

4.Exclusive Economic Zone28

5.Territorial Waters28

6.Internal Waters and Ports28

7.Jurisdiction Over Ships Owned by Nationals28

8.Government Vessels31

9.Special United States Statutes34

CHAPTER Ⅲ.THE BASELINE FOR DETERMINING ZONES OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION36

A.Introduction36

B.Normal Baseline:The Low-Water Line38

C.Rivers39

D.Bays41

E.Islands46

F.Low-Tide Elevations49

G.Harbors and Roadsteads50

H.Straight Baselines51

I.Archipelagic States56

J.Historic Inland Waters,Including Historic Bays58

CHAPTER Ⅳ.BOUNDARIES OF MARITIME JURISDICTION BETWEEN ADJACENT AND OPPOSITE STATES60

A.Territorial Sea60

B.Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone:63

1.General Rule-Delimitation by Agreement63

2.Rules to Be Applied -in the Absence of Agreement65

3.United States Practice75

C.Boundary Dispute Resolution77

CHAPTER Ⅴ.INTERNAL WATERS AND PORTS79

A.Internal Waters and Ports79

B.Freedom of Access to Ports79

C.Jurisdiction Over Foreign Vessels While in Port85

D.Jurisdiction of Flag State Over Vessels in Foreign Ports or Internal Waters90

E.Enlarged Port State Jurisdiction91

F.Deepwater Ports93

CHAPTER Ⅵ.THE TERRITORIAL SEA94

A.Coastal State Sovereignty Over the Territorial Sea94

B.Breadth of the Territorial Sea95

C.The Right of Innocent Passage97

D.Transit Passage106

E.Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage110

F.United States Territorial Sea and the Rights of the States111

G.Contiguous Zone113

CHAPTER Ⅶ.EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE115

A.From Fishery Zones to an Exclusive Economic Zone115

B.Management and Conservation of the Living Resources Within the EEZ123

C.Rights of Geographically Disadvantaged and Land-Locked States in the EEZ129

D.Species Subject to Special Rules131

E.Enforcement of Conservation and Management Measures133

F.United States Legislation Relating to Conservation and Exploitation of the Living Resources in the EEZ135

G.Other Uses of the Exclusive Economic Zone141

H.Marine Scientific Research142

I.Artificial Islands and Installations144

CHAPTER Ⅷ.CONTINENTAL SHELF150

A.Early Developments150

B.Definition and Delimitation153

C.Rights and Duties of the Coastal State Over the Continental Shelf159

D.Sedentary Fisheries163

E.Marine Scientific Research on the Continental Shelf165

F.United States Practice and Legislation Relating to the Continental Shelf165

CHAPTER Ⅸ.EXPLOITATION OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE DEEP SEABED172

A.Current Status of the Legal Regime of the Deep Seabed172

B.Seabed Mining Under the LOS Convention180

C.United States Legislation185

CHAPTER Ⅹ.PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT191

A.General Principles191

B.Vessel Source Pollution196

1.Flag State Jurisdiction197

2.Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ports and in the Territorial Sea198

3.Coastal State Jurisdiction in the EEZ199

C.Pollution From Land-Based Sources200

D.Ocean Dumping202

E.Pollution From Seabed Activities Subject to National Jurisdiction205

F.Pollution From Deep Seabed Mining207

G.Pollution From or Through the Atmosphere208

H.Protection of Fragile Ecosystems208

I.Responsibility and Liability210

J.Enforcement219

1.Flag State Enforcement219

2.Coastal State Enforcement221

3.Port State Enforcement223

4.Overlapping Jurisdiction224

5.Liability for Wrongful Enforcement225

K.Notification and Cooperative Action226

L.Government Noncommercial Ships227

CHAPTER Ⅺ.HIGH SEAS FREEDOM228

A.General Principles228

B.Reservation of the High Seas for Peaceful Purposes229

C.Freedom of Navigation231

D.Freedom of Overflight233

E.Freedom of Fishing233

F.Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines235

G.Freedom to Construct Artificial Islands236

H.Freedom of Scientific Research237

CHAPTER Ⅻ.SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES238

Index247