《A HANDBOOK ON THE NEW LAW OF THE SEA 2》

Part IV The uses of the sea833

Chapter 17 NAVIGATION835

Section 1.Freedom of navigation and its limits835

Division A.Freedom of navigation835

Para.1.Historical origin835

Para.2.The concept of freedom of navigation836

Para.3.Geographical scope838

Para.4.The means of exercising freedom of navigation:ships841

Para.5.Freedom of navigation-what it comprises845

Division B.Limits on the freedom of navigation847

Para.1.The various types of limits847

Para 2.Rules allowing physical interference with the navigation of foreign vessels848

Para.3.General and particular rules designed to ensure compatibility between navigation and other activities at sea868

Para.4.General rules designed to ensure compatibility between navigation and other freedoms of the high seas869

Para.5.Special compatibility rules designed to ensure the exercise of navigation by different States873

Para.6.Particular rules of compatibility between navigation and other freedoms887

Para.7.Rules relating to the compatibility between freedom of navigation and powers of the coastal State over its economic zone and its continental shelf889

Para.8.Rules on compatibility between freedom of navigation and activities of exploration and exploitation of the international sea-bed Area895

Para.9.Warships and other ships on government service and the freedom of navigation899

Section 2.Innocent passage906

Division A.The general rule906

Para.1.The principle of innocent passage906

Para.2.Geographical scope of innocent passage907

Para.3.The concept of"passage"910

Para.4.When is passage"innocent"?911

Para.5.The rights of the coastal State as against non-innocent passage915

Para.6.The regulation of innocent passage by the coastal State917

Division B.Rules peculiar to certain vessels924

Para.1.The passage of nuclear vessels and vessels carrying dangerous cargoes924

Para.2.The passage of submarines926

Para.3.The innocent passage of warships929

Division C.The suspension of the exercise of the right of innocent passage935

Division D.The exercise of criminal and civil jurisdictions on board ships engaged in innocent passage937

Division E.Navigation in certain waters940

Para.1.Navigation in internal waters and access to ports940

Para.2.Navigation in international canals942

Section 3.Transit passage and archipelagic passage945

Para.1.Transit passage in straits945

Para.2.The right of archipelagic passage through sea lanes and air routes in archipelagos956

Para.3.The contents of the right of transit passage and of archipelagic sea lanes passage960

Para.4.Laws and regulations of States bordering straits and archipelagic States relating to transit passage and archipelagic sea lanes passage965

Para.5.Limits imposed on the contents and application of the laws and regulations967

Para.6.Right of transit passage and customary law970

Chapter 18 SUBMARINE CABLES AND PIPELINES977

Introduction977

Section 1.The Convention on the Protection of Submarine Cables978

Section 2.The International Law Commission979

Section 3.The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea981

Section 4.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea983

Conclusions987

Chapter 19 FISHERIES AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES989

Section 1.General989

Subsection 1.Background and fundamental considerations989

Division A.Terminology and basic notions989

Para.1.The division of the sea into different zones and their role in regard to fisheries law989

Para.2."Fisheries"and"biological resources"991

Division B.The general characteristics of international law and their specific role in regard to the law and practice of fisheries993

Subsection 2.Traditional fisheries law and its inadequacies under today's conditions995

Section 2.The development of the modern law of fisheries and biological resources,with special reference to the development of new zones of national jurisdiction999

Subsection 1.Trends in State practice towards increased coastal State jurisdiction over fisheries and biological resources999

Subsection 2.Basic considerations in the modern law of fisheries1009

Subsection 3.The role of international conferences1017

Subsection 4.The 1974 judgments by the International Court of Justice1029

Section 3.The area within 12 miles:internal waters,territorial seas,adjacent zones1034

Subsection 1.General1034

Subsection 2.Waters under the sovereignty of the coastal State1036

Subsection 3.The 12-mile adjacent fishery zone1040

Subsection 4.Obligations of conservation in waters under the exclusive fisheries jurisdiction of the coastal State1045

Section 4.Coastal State jurisdiction on fisheries beyond 12 miles,the exclusive economic zone,200-mile fishery zones1047

Subsection 1.General1047

Subsection 2.Claims for a territorial sea of more than 12 nautical miles1049

Subsection 3.The 200-mile economic zone or 200-mile fishery zone1050

Division A.The right to a 200-mile zone1050

Para.1.The legal situation prior to 19751050

Para.2.The right to a 200-mile fishery zone or economic zone under contemporary international law1052

Division B.The applicable regime in the 200-mile zone1067

Para.1.The sovereign rights of the coastal State in respect of fisheries and biological resources1067

Para.2.Obligations incumbent upon the coastal State in matters of fisheries and biological resources1071

Para.3.Criteria and conditions for the allocation of fishery rights to other States1084

Para.4.Sedentary species:the continental shelf1105

Para.5.Anadromous and catadromous species1106

Section 5.The regime of the high seas1108

Section 6.Obligations to co-operate with other States in the preservation of resources and in the maintenance of maximum or optimum sustainable yield1117

Chapter 20 MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH1127

Section 1.Scientific research under the control of the coastal State1128

Para.1.The regime governing scientific research in the territorial sea1131

Para.2.The regime governing scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf1133

Section 2.Scientific research under the control of States1141

Chapter 21 DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY1147

Section 1.Introductory remarks1147

Section 2.General provisions(Arts.266-269)1148

Section 3.International co-operation(Arts.270-274)1149

Section 4.National and regional marine scientific and technological centres and co-operation among international organizations1150

Chapter 22 THE PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT1151

Plan of this Chapter1152

Section 1.Development of a conventional machinery for combating marine pollution1153

Subsection 1.Origins1153

Subsection 2.Compensation for pollution damage1155

Division A.The lessons of the Torrey Canyon1155

Para.1.Elaboration of the 1969 and 1971 Brussels Conventions1155

Para.2.Voluntary compensation from the industry:the TOVALOP and CRISTAL plans1158

Para.3.Inadequacies-compensation for pollution damage resulting from tanker activity at sea1160

Division B.Questions raised by the Amoco Cadiz accident1161

Para.1.Gaps in the convention machinery1162

Para.2.Re-assessment of the compensation ceilings1163

Para.3.The ambiguous situation of the coastal State1163

Para.4.Evaluation of the damage1164

Division C.Attempt to improve the system:the 1984 Protocols1165

Subsection 3.Prevention of the risk of pollution1169

Division A.Prevention of pollution1169

Para.1.Operational discharges1169

Para.2.Dumping and incineration of industrial wastes1173

Para.3.Land-based pollution1178

Division B.Oil spills response-intervention of the coastal State1180

Para.1.The Brussels Convention on the right of intervention on the high seas1180

Para.2.Regional co-operation1181

Division C.Prevention of the pollution-causing maritime casualty - SOLAS1183

Section 2.International law governing the general preservation of the marine environment1185

Subsection 1.General information1185

Subsection 2.Structure of the Convention text and general characteristics of the rules relating to the preservation of the marine environment1190

Para.1.Structure1190

Para.2.Classification of the rules1192

Subsection 3.The pre-eminence of the coastal State1194

Division A.The exclusive competences of the coastal State1195

Para.1.Protection of living resources1195

Para.2.The fight against pollution caused by activities relating to the sea-bed1198

Para.3.The fight against pollution from vessels1199

Division B.Concurrent competences1200

Para.1.The fight against pollution from vessels1201

Para.2.The fight against pollution from land-based sources1210

Para.3.The fight against pollution by dumping1212

Subsection 4.The international liability of States for damage to the marine environment1213

Para.1.Applicability of the relevant rules of the law of the environment1214

Para.2.The contribution made by the Convention on the Law of the Sea1221

Para.3.Types and regimes of liability incurred1223

General conclusion1230

Chapter 23 PEACEFUL USES OF THE SEA,DENUCLEARIZATION AND DISARMAMENT1233

Section 1.General topics1233

Subsection 1.Sea,an area of peace?1233

Division A.Uses of the sea and the use of force1233

Para.1.General remarks1233

Para.2.Scope of this Chapter1234

Division B.Reservation of the sea for peaceful purposes1235

Para.1.Origin of the principle1235

Para.2.Law of the sea1235

Division C.Zones of peace1239

Para.1.Initiatives1239

Para.2.Indian Ocean1241

Para.3.Mediterranean1242

Para.4.South Atlantic1243

Para.5.South-East Asia1244

Subsection 2.The sea and contemporary strategy1245

Para.1.Introduction1245

Para.2.Naval strategy today1245

Subsection 3.The law of the sea and military activities1247

Division A.Warships1249

Para.1.Definition1249

Para.2.Immunities1250

Division B.Military activities1251

Para.1.Navigation and naval manoeuvres1251

Para.2.Artificial islands,installations,structures and devices used for military purposes1254

Para.3.Marine scientific research1256

Section 2.Disarmament and naval arms regulations1258

Subsection 1.Historical outline1258

Division A.Nineteenth century1258

Division B.Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 19071259

Para.1.First Conference1259

Para.2.Second Conference1260

Division C.Treaties of Peace 1919-19231261

Para.1.Treaty of Versailles1261

Para.2.Other Treaties of Peace1262

Division D.League of Nations1263

Para.1.The Covenant1263

Para.2.The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty1264

Para.3.The London naval treaties1265

Para.4.Other treaties1266

Division E.1947 Treaties of Peace1266

Para.1.Naval clauses1267

Para.2.Treaty of Peace with Italy1268

Division F.United Nations1269

Para.1.The Charter1269

Para.2.The results1269

Para.3.Other organizations and conferences1270

Subsection 2.Sources of law1271

Division A.Treaties1271

Para.1.Treaties and military Powers1271

Para.2.Treaties creating"objective regimes"1272

Division B.Unilateral acts of States1273

Division C.Acts adopted by international organizations and international conferences1275

Para.1.Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly1276

Para.2.Helsinki Final Act1277

Division D.Customary law1278

Para.1.General remarks1278

Para.2.Customary law and disarmament1278

Subsection 3.Measures of disarmament and naval arms regulation1279

Division A.Limitations of naval armament1279

Para.1.Introduction1279

Para.2.Arms trade1279

Para.3.Weapons limitations1280

Division B.Demilitarized areas1282

Para.1.Definition1282

Para.2.Demilitarization and maritime areas1283

Para.3.Islands1284

Para.4.Straits1287

Para.5.Canals1290

Para.6.Sea1293

Subsection 4.The denuclearization of the sea1296

Division A.Restriction and prohibition of nuclear weapons1296

Para.1.Prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons1296

Para.2.Limitation of strategic nuclear weapons at sea1297

Para.3.Denuclearization and the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes1300

Division B.Prohibition of nuclear weapon tests1301

Para.1.Introduction1301

Para.2.Sea1302

Para.3.Sea-bed1303

Para.4.Antarctica1305

Para.5.Latin America1305

Para.6.South Pacific1305

Division C.Nuclear-weapon-free zones1306

Para.1.Introduction1306

Para.2.The sea-bed1307

Para.3.Antarctica1308

Para.4.Latin America1309

Para.5.South Pacific1310

Para.6.Other regions1311

Subsection 5.Confidence-building measures and measures intended to reduce the risk of the outbreak of armed conflicts1313

Para.1.Introduction1313

Para.2.Prevention of incidents on the high seas1315

Para.3.Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe(CSCE)1316

Chapter 24 THE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN THE RULES OF THE NEW LAW OF THE SEA AND THE LAW OF WAR1321

Section 1.Maritime spaces"a region of war".The case of the exclusive economic zone1322

Section 2.The behaviour of belligerents and the legitimate exercise of the rights arising out of the rules of the law of the sea-the zones of war or the zones of exclusion1325

Section 3.Blockade and transit passage1329

Chapter 25 SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES1333

Introduction1333

Para.1.Historical background1334

Para.2.The concept of"dispute"as used in Part XV of the Treaty1339

Para.3.Obligation to resolve dispute by peaceful means1341

Para.4.Freedom of choice of peaceful means of settlement1342

Section 1.Procedures entailing optional decisions1344

Subsection 1.Exchange of views1344

Subsection 2.Conciliation1345

Para.1.Areas where ratione materiae jurisdiction is subject to compulsory conciliation1345

Para.2.Conciliation procedure1350

Section 2.Settlement procedures entailing binding decisions1358

Subsection 1.General theory of jurisdiction1359

Division A.Ratione materiae jurisdiction1359

Para.1.Disputes amenable to the judicial procedures1359

Para.2.Exceptions1360

Division B.Ratione personae jurisdiction1363

Division C.Ratione fori jurisdiction1366

Para.1.Freedom to choose the competent court or tribunal1366

Para.2.Exercising freedom of choice1369

Subsection 2.The theory of law of the sea dispute settlement proceedings1374

Division A.The powers of the nominated court or tribunal1374

Para.1.The power to resolve disputes1374

Para.2.Emergency powers of the court or tribunal before which a matter is brought1378

Division B.Judicial procedures1383

Subdivision A.How the procedure functions1384

Subdivision B.Organization of proceedings1392

Para.1.Arbitral procedures1393

Para.2.Judicial procedures1397

Appendices1403

CONTENTS1405

1.UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA1421

2.FINAL ACT OF THE THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA1583

3.STATUS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA1617

Bibliography1625

Analytical index1655