《Table 2 Sintering activation energy for samples》

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《Rare-earth Cerium Additives for Sinterability of Anorthite-Diopside Ceramics》

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The value of Escan be acquired by the slopes of the straight lines and is listed in Table 2.It is clear that the higher the content of Ce in the sample，the lower the value of Es.The Esvalue shows a significantly decrease from 164.16 k J/mol for C0 to 102.93k J/mol for C11.In fact，the sintering rate of ceramics mainly depends on excess surface energy to promote the diffusion and mass transfer of crystal.A lower value of Esmeans faster crystal densification behavior.When Ce is introduced into An-Di system，it tends to form eutectic phase（M2O3，M=Al and Ce）with Al due to their similar chemical properties，such as valence（Ce3+，Al3+），coordination number（Ce is 8，Al is6），and electronegativity（Ce is 1.2，Al is 1.5）.