《Table 1.Effects on Stem Cells and Associated Mechanisms of Compounds Derived from Chinese Herbs》

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《Shen-Jing as a Chinese Medicine Concept Might Be a Counterpart of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine》

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Notes:mESC:mouse embryonic stem cells；bMSCs:bone mesenchymal stem cells；NSCs:neural stem cells；ucMSCs:umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells；TGF:transformation growth factor；BMP:bone morphogenetic protein；ROS:reactive oxygen species；PI3K:phosphoinosi

Among drugs used in these studies，some were reported to stimulate the proliferation of b MSCs，but many more drugs induced differentiation toward a wide spectrum of cell lineages.We performed a detailed analysis of the effects of pure compounds，and the results are listed in Table 1.Among them，icariin（ICA），isopsoralen，osthol，and naringin could stimulate b MSC differentiation toward osteoblasts，（12-15）while astragalosideⅣpromoted MSC proliferation.（16）Baicalin，ligustrazine，and salidroside induced bMSC differentiation to neurons.（17-19）Salvianolic acid B induced bMSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes，（20）while Panax notoginsenoside Rg1 did so in combination with5-azacytidine.（21）Baicalin also could induce differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells.（22）While these findings were very interesting，not all of the studies investigated the underlying mechanisms by which they exerted their effects.We noted that the most of Chinese herbs used in publications had Shen Jing-nourishing effects，such as Carapax Trionycis，Cortex Eucommiae，Herba Cistanches，Herba Epimedii，Guilu Erxian Glue（龟鹿二仙胶），Yougui Pill（右归丸），Zuogui Pill（左归丸），and Dihuang Yinzi（地黄饮子）.（23）There are25 papers describing the action of Chinese herbs on NSCs.Several pure compounds，such as salidroside，（24）Antler polypeptides，（25）baicalin，（26）and geniposide，（26）were reported to promote differentiation of NSCs into neurons.However，these studies were affected by the same problem in that they reported the general effects of Chinese herbs but did not perform experiments to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.The signaling pathways and molecular targets of these drugs remain elusive.This may be an important research focus in the future.