《Table 6 Biological pathways associated with PD pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms》

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《Translational Informatics for Parkinson's Disease:from Big Biomedical Data to Small Actionable Alterations》

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Note:DBL，3，4-dihydroxybenzalacetone；MPTP，1-methyl-4-phenyl-1，2，4，6，-tetrahydropyridine；6-OHDA，6-hydroxydopamine；MPP，1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium.

PD patients can be treated with levodopa or other dopamine replacement drugs，and surgical approaches，including pallidotomy and thalamotomy，could be alternatives.The responses and side effects of these therapies can be personalized to each patient[77，78].Big data could also provide a direct search and mapping method for the clinical decision of which treatment to use，as shown in Figure 4.However，identifying suitable subpopulations for efficient treatments is always a challenge for clinical application.