《Table 4 Gas analyzer range, accuracy and uncertainties details》

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《Emission and performance study emulsi ed orange peel oil biodiesel in an aspirated research engine》

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NDIR nondispersive infrared

A steam distillation plant was used for the extraction of orange peel oil.The experimental setup consists of two chambers namely heating and steam preparation chamber.Figure 1 shows the photographic view of the distillation setup.A 1.2 kg of orange peel was placed in the steam chamber and heated to 110°C.The fumes consisting of orange essence and steam vapor are routed to a condensing chamber for cooling purpose.The mixture of liquid water and orange peel oil was collected in a collection tank.Orange peel oil was separated from the mixture due to its density di erence.1.2 kg of orange peel yielded 700 mL of orange peel oil.A 500 g sample of orange peel oil in the reactor was heated to the temperature of 65°C.A molar ratio of 5:1（methanol to orange peel oil）and catalysts of 0.3%（wt/wt）to orange peel oil was used in the transesterification process.A solution containing sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol was then added and mixed at a constant stirring speed of 340 rpm for 45 min.This ensured uniform reactivity of solution and accelerated the reaction rate.The mixture was allowed to cool in the vessel yielding two distinct layers of ester and glycerol.The modified fuel which consists of base fuel，water and surfactants are prepared by altering its proportions.For blending purpose，ultrasonicator，and magnetic stirrer were employed（Pandian et al.2017）.Various properties of prepared and modified fuels are established by ASTM techniques.Table 1 illustrates the properties of test fuels.Table 2 shows the fatty acid compositions of tested fuels.