《Table 2–Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm parameters for the adsorption of cop

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《Facile one-step synthesis of functionalized biochar from sustainable prolifera-green-tide source for enhanced adsorption of copper ions》

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The impregnation ratio is another significant control factor affecting the hydropyrolysis process of biomass.Fig.3，Table 2and Appendix A Tables S3–S5 list the physical texture and adsorption data of biochars synthesized with different impregnation ratios at various hydrothermal temperatures and hydrothermal time of 8 hr.It can be seen that the impact of impregnation ratio on the pore structure and adsorption behavior was greater than that of hydrothermal time.The results on the effects of impregnation ratio on the pore structure are given in Appendix A Tables S3–S5.As the impregnation ratio increased from 0 to 1.5，the BET specificsurface area of biochars produced at 140°C continuously decreased from 10.547 to 4.177 m2/g.However，the BETspecific surface area of biochars produced at 180°C and 220°Cchanged irregularly.The results on the effects of impregnation ratio on the adsorption behavior are given in Table 2 and Fig.3.The adsorption capacity of the biochars toward copper ions significantly increased when the impregnation ratio was raised to 1:1.While the impregnation ratio rose from 1:1 to1.5:1，the adsorption capacity dropped in all cases，at hydrothermal temperatures of 140°C，180°C and 220°C.The isotherm parameters in Table 2 demonstrate that the maximum adsorption capacities of biochars at the impregnation ratio of 1:1 were around 92±3 mg/g.It can be observed that augmenting the impregnation ratio from 0 to 1.0 led to a huge enhancement of adsorption capacity，from 10±1 mg/g to92±3 mg/g，which proved that ammonium phosphate as an additive agent was very efficient for enhancing the removal ability of biochars.The maximum adsorption capacities of biochars at the impregnation ratio of 1.5:1 were around 73±10 mg/g，which was slightly lower compared with those at the impregnation ratio of 1:1.Overall，the impregnation ratio of1:1 was adopted as a favorable ratio on account of adsorption efficiency and economic effectiveness.