《Table 1–Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm parameters for the adsorption of cop

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《Facile one-step synthesis of functionalized biochar from sustainable prolifera-green-tide source for enhanced adsorption of copper ions》

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The effects of additive agents on the pore structure and adsorption ability were studied by a series of experiments at the hydrothermal temperature of 140°C，hydrothermal time of8 hr and impregnation ratio of 1.Appendix A Table S1 shows that the biochars obtained by hydrothermal carbonization with ammonium phosphate，thiocarbamide，ammonium chloride and urea displayed specific surface areas of 6.025，326.5，6.781 and 2.612 m2/g，respectively.Biochars produced with thiocarbamide exhibited greater surface area than those produced with the other additives.Nevertheless，it is important to emphasize that the biochars produced with thiocarbamide did not show the best adsorption capacities towards copper ions.This phenomenon implied that the specific surface area was not the only influencing factor for the adsorption.The adsorption properties of the biochars depended strongly on the type of additive agent used（Table 1 and Fig.1）.The adsorption capacities of various modified biochars followed the order 140-8h-1.0-APBC（95.24 mg/g）>140-8h-1.0-TUBC（12.08 mg/g）>140-8h-1.0-ACBC（7.440 mg/g）>140-8h-1.0-URBC（5.277 mg/g）.The differences may be due to the different additives agents undergoing different reactions with the raw precursor，resulting in variations in the pore structure and surface chemical properties，especially the surface chemical properties.In the following study，ammonium phosphate was chosen as the activity-enhancing additive due to the excellent adsorption capacity produced with this additive.Ammonium phosphate may be employed as a catalyst to enhance the formation of pores and surface chemical groups during the hydrolysis process by diffusing into the precursor molecules and breaking down the chemical bonds of polysaccharides，hemicelluloses or cellulose compounds.