《Table 1 Thickness reduction rates at cross section a (%)》

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《FEM simulation of flexible roll forming based on different material models》

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The sheet experiences bending deformations under the bending force and friction force of the rollers.The material flow makes the sheet thickness change at different positions.Two typical cross sections are selected from the sheet，as shown in Fig.7.The thicknesses of different cross sections of the sheet after springback is shown in Fig.8.It can be seen that almost all the changes of the thickness are coincident with the corners of the bumper，and the sheet gets thinner obviously，while other part of the sheet remains approximately the original thickness:1 mm.This indicates that the fracture defect is prone to appear at the corners of the parts.The general trend of the thickness distribution calculated with three material models are the same.The thickness reduction rates（thickness reduction divided by sheet original thickness）at the cross section a and b are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.It is shown that the thickness reduction rates of MKi model is larger than that of other two models，while the thickness reduction rates of MI model and HI model are close.