《Table 4 Element relative content of the char layer for cured epoxy resin by XPS analysis》

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《Preparation of Poly(phosphoric acid piperazine) and Its Application as an Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin》

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The chemical compositions of residual char surface for pure EP and EP/5 wt%PPAP thermosets after cone calorimeter tests were analyzed by XPS measurement.The relevant data are listed in Table 4.It can be observed that the flame retardant elements of phosphorus are detected in the char residue surface for EP/5 wt%PPAP thermosets with the relative content of 2.80%and the relative content of oxygen is higher than that of cured pure EP.Combined with the results of FTIR for char residues，such a change is due to the fact that the phosphorus in thermosets is decomposed and oxidized under heating and sufficient oxygen，leaving the phosphorus containing oxides with high thermal-oxidative stability in the char layer.As a result，the formed char layer with high quality protects the underlying substance from further oxidation and decomposition，resulting in the high char yield and superior flame retardancy for EP thermosets during combustion.