《Table 2.summary of the distinctive impacts of el nio and el nio modoki on tropical cyclones (tcs) .

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《"Revisiting the intraseasonal, interannual and interdecadal variability of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific"》

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Another research area that has received increasing attention in recent years is the different impacts of canonical ENSO and ENSO Modoki（Ashok et al.2007；Yu and Kao 2007）.In contrast to canonical El Ni?o，with persistent warming in the eastern Pacific，El Ni?o Modoki is characterized by central Pacific warming flanked by below-average SST on its eastern and western side.A number of recent studies（Chen and Tam 2010；Kim，Webster，and Curry 2011；Wang et al.2014）have elucidated the distinctive impacts of these two flavors of ENSO on TC activity in the WNP，as well as in the SCS，as summarized in Table2.The heat source and sink are found to have a meridional dipole structure during canonical El Ni?o years，leading to insignificant changes in basin-wide TC frequency due to mutual cancellation in TC number between the southeast and northwest quadrant（Chen and Tam 2010）.Kim，Webster，and Curry（2011）examined the change in TC activity over the WNP in association with changes in dynamic and thermodynamic parameters during different ENSO conditions.Compared to canonical El Ni?o，TC activity during El Ni?o Modoki years shifts to the west，with a broad suppressed area over the eastern Pacific，favoring more TCs making landfall over East Asia.Wang et al.（2014）showed that the frequency of TCs in the SCS during fall（September–November）is negatively related to El Ni?o Modoki，instead of canonical ENSO.They suggested that the large-scale circulation anomalies associated with El Ni?o Modoki enlarge the low-level northerlies over the SCS，which in turn enhances the vertical wind shear and suppresses local TC formation.The results of these studies have similarly highlighted the growing importance of El Ni?o Modoki in TC activity over the WNP.