《Table 5 Geological characteristic comparison between the Yangbishan and some typical skarn tungsten

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《Metallogenic Mechanism and Tectonic Setting of Tungsten Mineralization in the Yangbishan Deposit in Northeastern China》

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The concentrations of most trace elements（e.g.，Rb，Nb，Ta，Zr，and Hf）in the Yangbishan scheelite samples are clearly higher than in the scheelite samples of the Yangjingou tungsten deposit in the Yanbian area，while the concentrations of Sr are lower than in the scheelite of the Yangjingou tungsten deposit or the Baizhangyan and Jitoushan tungsten–molybdenum deposits（Table 7）.As a whole，the trace element contents of the Yangbishan scheelite are similar to those of the scheelite in the Zhuxi polymetallic deposit.In addition，Yangbishan scheelite samples have higher Rb/Sr and Nb/Ta ratios（means of0.04 and 10.34，respectively）and lower Zr/Hf ratios（mean of 1.71）than those in the other deposits（Table 7）.Previous researchers have suggested that the ore-forming materials in the Zhuxi deposit are not exclusively magmatic in origin，but might have resulted from interactions between magmatic hydrothermal solutions and surrounding rocks（Hu Zhenghua，2015）.Based on comparisons between the trace element contents of the Yangbishan scheelite and those of primitive mantle（Rb/Sr=0.031，Nb/Ta=14，Zr/Hf=30.74；Taylor and Mc Lennan，1985），it can be concluded that the oreforming materials of the Yangbishan tungsten mineralization are also related to interactions between magmatic hydrothermal solutions and their surrounding rocks，similar to the Shangfang skarn tungsten deposit and the Zhuxi skarn tungsten polymetallic deposit（Chen Runsheng，2013；Hu Zhenghua，2015）.This conclusion has been confirmed by newδ18O values andδD values from 11 quartz samples from the Yangbishan deposit located during the major tungsten mineralization stage（unpublished data）.The measuredδ18O values for the tungsten-bearing quartz range from 11‰to 15‰，and the estimatedδ18O values for fluids range from 5 to 9‰.TheδD values for fluid inclusions of the tungsten-bearing quartz range from-121‰to-66‰.These results suggest that the ore-forming fluid was derived mainly from the magmatic system and subordinately from the nearby carbonate strata，with minor organic matter contamination.In summary，the Yangbishan scheelite samples have similar geochemical features to those in the Zhuxi，Baizhangyan，and Jitoushan deposits:enrichment of LREEs，depletion of HREEs，and right-dipping chondritenormalized REE patterns.The Yangbishan scheelites inherited their REE features from ore-forming fluids，which implies that REE3+replaced Ca2+and entered the scheelite.Compared with the metallogenetic granite，the Yangbishan scheelite samples have weak negative Eu anomalies and no obvious Ce anomalies，which indicate that the scheelite formed in a reducing environment.The fact that the trace element characteristics of the Yangbishan scheelite differ from those of the Yangjingou deposit implies that the Yangbishan ore-forming materials resulted from interactions between magmatic hydrothermal solutions and the surrounding rocks，and this is consistent with the LREE–MREE–HREE data（Fig.9）.