《Table 2 Chemokine receptors and ligands》

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《Chemokines in homeostasis and diseases》

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Abbreviations:CCL，C-C cchemokine motif ligand；CCR，C-C cchemokine motif receptor；CXCL，C-X-C cchemokine motif ligand；CXCR，C-X-C cchemokine motif receptor.

GPCRs that mediate cell chemotaxis are categorized into classical and chemokine subfamilies according to the ligand source.9Classical GPCRs include formyl peptide receptors（FPR1，FPR2 and FPR3），platelet-activating factor receptor（PAFR），activated complement component 5 receptor（C5aR）and leukotriene B4 receptors（BLT1 and BLT2）.Another classical chemoattractant GPCR is ChemR23，known as chemokine-like receptor 1（CMKLR1）.ChemR23 is mainly expressed in myeloid cells，such as human macrophages，immaturedendriticccells（DCs）10andplasmacytoid DCs（PDCs）.11This receptor is detected in the thymus，bone marrow，spleen，fetal liver and lymphoid organs，suggesting its involvement in diverse pathophysiological processes.Structurally，CMKLR1 is more closely related to chemoattractant receptors，such as FPRs as well as the C3aR and C5aR，rather than to chemokine receptors.12The chemotactic ligands for ChemR23 include chemerin，the chemerin-derived peptide，C15 and the lipid resolving E1 peptide，Resolvin E1.10，13Chemerin is produced by cells of high endothelial venules in reactive lymph nodes（LNs）and in dermal blood vessels in autoimmune skin lesions.The ChemR23/chemerin pair has received increasing attention due to its involvement in many pathological conditions.11For example，in hemostasis，the distribution of PDCs is restricted to primary and secondary lymphoid organs.However，in autoimmune diseases（that is，lupus erythematosus disease，psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis），allergy（that is，contact dermatitis and nasal mucosa polyps）and cancer，PDCs accumulate in non-lymphoid tissues as a result of the Chem R23/chemerin interaction.11ChemR23/chemerin mediates an important host defense against viral infection，as shown in mouse acute viral pneumonia，in which ChemR23 attenuates lung inflammation and enhances antiviral immunity.As a consequence，ChemR23-/-mice exhibit delayed viral clearance and increased mortality，which are associated with reduced PDC recruitment and production of type I interferon（IFN）14（Table 1）.