《英语词汇学引论》

Chapter1

Language,Linguistics and Lexicology1

1-1-1：A Definition of Language1

Contents1

Chapter2

1-1-2：Language,Society and Thought2

Chapter3

Chapter4

1-2-1：A Definition of Linguistics5

1-2-2：The Scope of Linguistics5

Chapter5

1-3-1：What Is Lexicology?6

1-3-2：Aims and Significance of the Course6

Chapter6

of English Lexicology6

1-3-3：The Connection of Lexicology with7

Chapter7

1．With phonetics7

Other Branches of Linguistics7

Chapter8

3．With stylistics8

2．With grammar8

English Lexicology9

4．With historical linguistics9

1-3-4：Two Approaches to the Study of9

English Language in the Indo-European12

Family12

2-1-1：The English People and the English12

Language12

The Sources of the English Vocabulary12

2-1-2：The Position and Character of the12

English Language13

2-1-3：The Divisions of the History of the13

2-1-4：Some Characteristics of Old English14

2-1-5：Some Characteristics of Middle English17

2-1-6：Some Characteristics of Modern En-19

glish19

2-2-1：Words of Native Origin23

2-2-2：Borrowed words in the English Voca-26

bulary26

1．Causes and means of borrowings27

into English27

2．Four groups of loan-words28

glish Vocabulary31

2-3-2：The Scandinavian Element in the En-31

Vocabulary31

2-3-1：The Foreign Elements in the English31

2-3-3：The French Element in the English34

Vocabulary34

1．French loan-words in the Middle36

English period36

2．French loan-words after the Mid-38

dle English period38

2-3-4：The Latin Element in the English39

Vocabulary39

1．The zero period of Latin influence39

2．The first period of Latin influence40

3．The second period of Latin influ-41

ence41

4．The third period of Latin influence42

5．The fourth period of Latin influ-42

ence42

Vocabulary44

3．Words relating to hatural sciences44

4．Words relating to social sciences44

1．Words relating to literature44

2-3-5：The Greek Element in the English44

2．Words relating to linguistics44

ments upon the English Vocabulary45

2-3-6：The Influence of the Classical Ele-45

5．Words relating to medicine45

ments in the English vocabulary46

classical elements46

1．The preciseness of meaning of the46

2．The richness of the classical ele-46

3．The cosmopolitan character of the47

classical elements47

2-3-7：Other Foreign Elements in the English48

Vocabulary48

Foreign Elements in the English50

2-3-8：Interrelation between the Native and50

Vocabulary50

Word Meaning and Semantic Relations53

3-1-1：Some General Remarks on Semantics53

and Meaning53

and the Object57

3-1-2：The Relationship between Meaning57

3-2-1：What Is a Word?58

3-2-2：Meaning and Motivation60

1．Phonetic motivation61

2．Grammatical motivation61

3．Motivation by meaning62

and grammatical function of words62

3-3-1：Classifications of Words62

1．According to the lexical meaning62

2．According to the usage of words63

3．According to the character of65

words65

4．According to motivation65

6．According to the origin66

monosemy66

5．According to polysemy and66

3．Contextual meaning67

1．Grammatical meaning67

3-3-2：Main Types of Word Meaning67

2．Lexical meaning67

4．Denotational meaning68

5．Connotative meaning69

6．Stylistic meaning69

non-linguistic72

3-3-3：Word Meaning and Context72

Two types of context:linguistic and72

3-4-4：Synonyms76

1．What are synonyms?76

2．The scurces of synonyms77

3．The significance of studying79

synonyms79

4．Absolute synonyms and relative80

synonyms80

1．What are antonyms?84

3-4-2：Antonyms84

2．Types of antonyms85

3．Different antonyms for one word88

4．Use of antonyms89

shift91

2．Two main processes of sense-91

1．The definition of polysemy91

3-4-3：Polysemy and Homonymy91

homonyms95

3．The definition of homonymy and95

4．Classification of homonyms95

5．Three ways of forming homonyms99

The Changing English Vocabulary103

4-1-1：Neologisms103

1．The definition of neologisms103

2．The rate of changes of the English104

vocabulary104

3．The sources of new words104

4．The formation of neologisms120

4-1-2：Archaisms128

1．The definition of archaisms128

of words128

2．The reasons for the disappearance128

3．Obsolete words used at the present129

time129

4-2-1：Changes in Meaning133

1．Historical causes133

3．Psychological causes134

2．Social causes134

4．Linguistic causes135

4-2-2：Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes135

1．Extension of meaning（generaliza-136

tion）136

2．Narrowing of meaning（specializa-142

tion）142

3．Elevation of meaning（amelioration）146

4．Degradation of meaning（deteriora-147

tion）147

1．Metaphor150

Use150

4-2-3：Semantic Changes from the Literal150

Use of Words to Their Figurative150

2．Metonymy161

3．Synecdoche166

4．Euphemism167

sification of words173

1．Morphological structure and clas-173

Word-fomation in English173

5-1-1：Introduction173

2．Two types of morphemes174

3．Three types of words176

4．Root,base,stem177

formation185

5-2-1：The Main Processes of English Word-185

1．Affixation186

2．Conversion243

3．Compounding259

glish270

1．Clipping or shortening270

5-2-2：Other Ways of Word-building in.En-270

2．Acronyms272

3．Blending276

4．Back-formation278

5．Forming new words by analogy280

6．Onomatopoeia281

English Idioms284

6-1-1：The Definition of Idioms284

6-1-2：The Significance of Studying English285

Idioms285

6-1-3：The Features of English Idioms286

6-1-4：English Idioms in Different Styles290

1．Idioms used in colloquial style290

2．Idioms used in any situation292

3．Idioms used in formal situation292

4．Idioms used as slang293

6-2-1：Classification of English Idioms294

6-1-5：The Differences between Idiomatic and294

Free phrases294

1．Idiomatic expressions with speci-295

fic grammtical structure295

parts of speech298

2．Phrases identified with the familiar298

3．Idioms not correlative with a given311

grammatical part of speech311

4．Idioms expressing greeting,surprise,315

praiso,or critisism315

5．Proverbs316

6-2-2：English Idioms around Different Sub-320

jects320

1．Idioms containing names of birds320

and animals320

of the human body321

2．Idioms containing names of parts321

3．Idioms involving colors324

to clothes325

4．Idioms containing words related325

5．Idioms involving time326

6．Idioms involving flowers and plants327

7．Idioms containing words related329

to fruit329

8．Idioms containing words related330

to shapes and measures330

British and American English332

7-1-1：English as a Language of World－wide332

Use332

7-1-2：British and American English334

7-1-3：The Historical Background of American338

English338

7-2-1：Differences between British and American340

English340

7-2-2：Differences in Individual Sounds341

7-2-3：Differences in Stress343

7-2-4：Differences in Spelling344

7-2-5：Differences in Vocabulary346

7-2-6：Differences in Grammar359

7-3-1：Two Contrasting Word-lists364

7-3-2：British and American English in the379

Future379

English Dictionaries and How to Use Them380

8-1-1：What Is a Dictionary?380

8-1-2：Characteristics of Dictionaries （382

8-2-1：Types of Dictionaries383

8-2-2：Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual384

Dictionaries384

8-2-3：General and Special Dictionaries385

8-2-4：Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged387

Dictionaries387

8-2-5：Synchronic and Diachronic387

Dictionaries387

8-2-6：Encyclopaedias and Encyclopedic388

Dictionaries388

8-3-1：The History of English Dictionaries390

8-3-2：Five Periods in the History of English392

Dictionaries392

8-4-1：How to Use English Dictionaries394

Bibliography403