《英文写作与修辞》

Introduction1

Table of Contents1

Exercises5

Chapter 1 The Paragraph9

Fundamental Functions of the Paragraph9

Unity and Controlling Idea11

The Topic Sentence13

Paragraph Development16

Coherence18

A．Coherene Thrcugh Logical Arrangement20

B．Coherenee Through Cohesive Devices21

Transition23

A．Opening Paragraphs27

Three Special Paragraphs27

B．Closing Paragraphs32

C．Dialogue Paragraphs35

Exercises36

Chapter 2 Narration43

What Is Narration43

Model Essay44

Langston Hughes：Saved from Sin44

How to Write a Narrative48

A．Decide upon a Theme48

B．Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order50

C．Build Conflict in the Plot52

D．Focus on the Character53

E．Select and Pace the Details54

F．Use Consistent Point of View55

Exercises57

Further Readings61

E．R．Braithwaite：The Interview61

Nikos Kazantzakis：A Night in a Galabrian Village66

Chapter 3 Description70

What Is Description70

Model Essay71

George Orwell：A Hanging71

How to Write a Description78

A．Establish a Dominant Impression78

B．Arrange the Description in Spatial Order80

C．Point ofView81

D．Four Sub-types of Description83

1．Describing a person83

2．Describing a place85

3．Describing a scene86

4．Describing an object87

E．Use speclfic and viyie language87

Exercises88

Further Readings94

Henry David Thoreau：The Battle94

Deems Taylor：The Monster99

Chapter 4 Exposition：Illustration106

What Is lllustration106

Joanna Mermey：A Victim of the Consumer Crusaders107

Model Essay107

How to Write an Illustration111

A．Select Good Examples111

B．Types ofExamples113

C．Order Examples114

D．BalancetheGeneralwiththeSpecific115

Exercises117

Further Readings121

Marya Mannes：Packaged Deception121

Eugene Raskin：Walls and Barriers124

J．B．Priestley：Two Personal Essays126

What Is Division and Classification130

Chapter 5 Exposition：Divisition and Classification130

Bertrand Russell：What IHave Lived For131

Model Essay131

How to Write a Division/Classification133

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay133

B．The Introductory Paragraph133

C．Provocation and Response135

D．Overall Plan and Variation136

E．RulesofDivisionandClassification137

Exercises139

Further Readings142

C．L．Wrenn：The Characteristics of English142

Aaron Copland：Different Types ofComposers146

Chapter 6 Exposition：Comparison and Contrast150

What is Comparison and Contrast150

Model Essay151

Bruce Catton：Grant and Lee：A Study in Contrasts151

How to Write a Comparison/Contrast158

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay158

B．Subject-by-Subject and Point-by-Point Comparisons159

C．Selection of Material and Thesis Statement160

D．Balance and Emphasis162

E．Transitions164

Analogy165

Exercises166

Further Readings171

David Skwire：Sentence Fragment and Speeding171

Brander Mathews：Franklin andEmerson173

What Is Causal Analysis180

Chapter 7 Exposition：Ca？sal Analysis180

Model Essay181

RobertJastrow：Man of Wisdom181

How to Write a Causal Analysis188

A．Overall Structure ofthe Model Essay188

B．Distinguish Necessary，Sufficient and Contributory Causes189

C．Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes191

D．Patterns of Causal Analysis192

E．Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy195

F．Avoid Circular Reasoning195

G．Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly196

Exercises197

Edwin Newman：Language on the Skids200

Further Readings200

John Brooks：The Telephone205

Chapter 8 Exposition：Definition208

What Is Definition208

Model Essay208

Desmond Morris：Barrier Signals208

How to Write a Definition215

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay215

B．Formal Definition216

C．Personal Definition218

1．Definition by origin219

D．Extended Definition219

2．Definition by example221

3．Definition by comparison221

4．Definition by contrast222

5．Definition by description223

6．Definition by classification223

Exercises225

Further Readings229

Ellen Goodman：The Workaholic229

Mark Van Doren：What Is a Poet？232

What Is Process Analysis241

Chapter 12 Tone and Style241

Chapter 9 Exposition：Process Analysis241

Model Essay242

Matthew Kay：How to Kill aBull at a Fiesta242

How to Write a Process Analysis245

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay245

B．Collect Adequate and Accurate Information246

C．Begin with a Clear Thesis Statement247

D．Deal with the Process247

1．Chronological order and spatial order247

2．Divide a continuous process appropriately248

3．Group minor actions into major ones249

4．Order simultaneous actions250

5．Handle properly comments，explanations，etc．251

E．Make Each Individual Step Clear，Complete，without Repetition251

F．Use the Flow Diagram252

Exercises253

Further Readings255

How to Enlarge a Photograph255

S．I．Hayakawa：How Dictionaries Are Made258

I Remember，Granner261

Chapter 10 Diction264

Abstract and Concrete Words265

General and Specific Words265

Denotation and Connotation267

Synonyms270

Euphemisms271

Exercises 1—5273

Slang275

Jargon276

Cliches277

Exercise 6280

Figures of speech282

A．Simile282

B．Metaphor283

C．Personification284

D．Metonymy285

E．Hyperbole286

F．Litotes286

G．Transferred Epithet287

H．Onomatopoeia288

I．Irony288

Exercise 7289

Active Voice or Passive Voice？291

Chapter 11 The Rhetoric of Sentences291

Parallelism293

Exercises 8，9296

Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers298

A．Dangling Modifiers298

B．Misplaced Modifiers301

Exercise 10302

Sentence Clarity304

A．Lack of Necessary Details304

B．Choppy Sentences305

C．Confusing Shifts306

D．Confusing Pronoun Reference308

Exercises 11，12313

Sentence Conciseness315

Exercise 13319

A．Positions of Words321

Sentence Emphasis321

B．Periodic and Loose Sentences322

C．Balanced Sentences323

D．Repetition324

E．Other Means of Emphasis326

Exercises 14，15326

The Expletives327

Stringy Sentences328

Exercises 16，17329

Sentence Variety330

A．Vary Sentence Beginnings330

B．Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences333

C．Vary Sentence Length333

Exercises 18，19334

Sentence Combining334

Exercises 20，21338

Tone341

Style343

Exercise 22347

Appendix352

Glossary of Usage352

Punctuation390

Index406