《英文写作与修辞》求取 ⇩

Table of Contents1

Introduction1

Exercises5

Chapter 1 The Paragraph9

Fundamental Functions of the Paragraph9

Unity and Controlling Idea11

The Topic Sentence13

Paragraph Development16

Coherence18

A．Coherene Thrrugh Logical Arrangement20

B．Coherenee Through Cohesive Devices21

Transition23

A．Opening Paragraphs27

Three Special Paragraphs27

B．Closing Paragraphs32

C．Dialogue Paragraphs35

Exercises36

Chapter 2 Narration43

What Is Narration43

Model Essay44

Langston Hughes:Saved from Sin44

How to Write a Narrative48

A．Decide upon a Theme48

B．Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order50

C．Build Conflict in the Plot52

D．Focus on the Character53

E．Select and Pace the Details54

F．Use Consistent Point of View55

Exercises57

Further Readings61

E.R. Braithwaite:Thc Interview61

Nikos Kazantzakis:A Night in a Galabrian Village66

Chapter 3 Description70

What Is Description70

Model Essay71

George Orwell:A Hanging71

How to Write a Description78

A．Establish a Dominant Impression78

B．Arrange the Description in Spatial Order80

C．Point of View81

1．Describing a person83

D．Four Sub-types of Description83

2．Describing a place85

3．Describing a scene86

4．Describing an object87

E．Use speclfic and viyie language87

Exercises88

Further Readings94

Henry David Thoreau:The Battle94

Deems Taylor:The Monster99

Chapter 4 Exposition:Illustration106

What Is Illustration106

Model Essay107

Joanna Mermey:A Victim of the Consumer Crusaders107

How to Write an Illustration111

A．Select Good Examples111

B．Types of Examples113

C．Order Examples114

D．Balance the General with the Specific115

Exercises117

Further Readings121

Marya Mannes:Packaged Deception121

J.B. Priestley:Two Personal Essays126

Chapter 5 Exposition:Divisition and Classification130

What Is Division and Classification130

Model Essay131

Bertrand Russell:What I Have Lived For131

How to Write a Division/Classification133

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay133

B．The Introductory Paragraph133

C．Provocation and Response135

D．Overall Plan and Variation136

E．Rules of Division and Classification137

Exercises139

Further Readings142

C.L. Wrenn:The Characteristics of English142

Aaron Copland:Different Types of Composers146

Chapter 6 Exposition:Comparison and Contrast150

What is Comparison and Contrast150

Model Essay151

Bruce Catton:Grant and Lee:A Study in Contrasts151

How to Write a Comparison/Contrast158

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay158

B．Subject-by-Subject and Point-by-Point Comparisons159

C．Selection of Material and Thesis Statement160

D．Balance and Emphasis162

E．Transitions164

Analogy165

Exercises166

Further Readings171

David Skwire:Sentence Fragment and Speeding171

Brander Mathews:Franklin and Emerson173

Eugene Raskin:Walls and Barriers174

Chapter 7 Exposition:Causal Analysis180

What Is Causal Analysis180

Model Essay181

Robert Jastrow:Man of Wisdom181

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay188

How to Write a Causal Analysis188

B．Distinguish Necessary,Sufficient and Contributory Causes189

C．Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes191

D．Patterns of Causal Analysis192

E．Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy195

F．Avoid Circular Reasoning195

G．Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly196

Exercises197

Further Readings200

Edwin Newman:Language on the Skids200

John Brooks:The Telephone205

Chapter 8 Exposition:Definition208

What Is Definition208

Model Essay208

Desmond Morris:Barrier Signals208

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay215

How to Write a Definition215

B．Formal Definition216

C．Personal Definition218

D．Extended Definition219

1．Definition by origin219

2．Definition by example221

3．Definition by comparison221

4．Definition by contrast222

5．Definition by description223

6．Definition by classification223

Exercises225

Further Readings229

Ellen Goodman:The Workaholic229

Mark Van Doren:What Is a Poet?232

Chapter 9 Exposition:Process Analysis241

What Is Process Analysis241

Model Essay242

Matthew Kay:How to Kill a Bull at a Fiesta242

How to Write a Process Analysis245

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay245

B．Collect Adequate and Accurate Information246

C．Begin with a Clear Thesis Statement247

D．Deal with the Process247

1．Chronological order and spatial order247

2．Divide a continuous process appropriately248

3．Group minor actions into major ones249

4．Order simultaneous actions250

E．Make Each Individual Step Clear,Complete,without Repetition251

5．Handle properly comments,explanations,etc251

F．Use the Flow Diagram252

Exercises253

Further Readings255

How to Enlarge a Photograph255

S.I. Hayakawa:How Dictionaries Are Made258

I Remember,Granner261

Chapter 10 Argumentation264

What Is Argumentation264

Modle Essay265

Erich Fromm:Our Way of Life Makes Us Miserable How to Write an Argumentation274

A．Overall Structure of the Model Essay274

B．Appealing to Reason276

1．Induction276

2．Deduction277

C．Identifying with the Audience281

D．Logical Fallacies284

1．False Analogy284

2．Evading the Issue285

3．Non Sequitur287

Exercises288

Further Readings293

Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal293

John F.Kennedy:Inaugural Address306

Luigi Pirandello:War312

Chapter 11 Diction319

Abstract and Concrete Words320

General and Specific Words320

Denotation and Connotation322

Synonyms325

Euphemisms326

Exercises 1—5328

Slang330

Jargon331

Cliches332

Exercise 6335

Figures of speech337

A．Simile337

B．Metaphor338

C．Personification339

D．Metonymy340

E．Hyperbole341

F．Litotes341

G．Transferred Epithet342

H．Onomatopoeia343

I．Irony343

Exercise 7344

Chapter 12 The Rhetoric of Sentences346

Active Voice or Passive Voice?346

Parallelism348

Exercises 8,9351

Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers353

A．Dangling Modifiers353

B．Misplaced Modifiers356

Exercise 10357

Sentence Clarity359

A．Lack of Necessary Details359

B．Choppy Sentences360

C．Confusing Shifts361

Exercises 11,12363

D．Confusing Pronoun Reference363

Sentence Conciseness370

Exercise 13374

Sentence Emphasis377

A．Positions of Words377

B．Periodie and Loose Sentences377

C．Balanced Sentences378

D．Repetition379

E．Other Means of Emphasis381

Exercises 14,15381

The Expletives382

Stringy Sentences383

Exercises 16,17384

A．Vary Sentence Beginnings385

Sentence Variety385

B．Vary Sentence Patterns and Kinds of Sentences388

C．Vary Sentence Length388

Exercises 18,19389

Sentence Combining389

Exercises 20,21393

Chapter 13 Tone and Style396

Tone396

Style398

Exercise 22402

Appendix407

Glossary of Usage407

Punctuation445

Index461