《英语修辞与写作》

Part One Rhetoric3

Chapter 1 Introduction3

1．What Is Rhetoric?3

2．Brief History of Western Rhetoric5

3．Communicative Rhetoric and Aesthetic Rhetoric6

4．Brief Introduction of Present-day Western Rhetoric15

5．Why and How Is Rhetoric to Be Learned?19

Exercise 125

Chapter 2 Figures of Speech26

1．Introduction26

2．Simile27

3．Metaphor29

4．Analogy33

5．Personification34

6．Synaesthesia36

7．Hypallage37

8．Verbal Symbol38

9．Metonymy39

10．Synecdoche40

11．Antonomasia41

12．Allusion43

13．Periphrasis45

14．Hyperbole46

15．Understatement47

16．Variation49

17．Nicknaming50

18．Alliteration52

19．Assonance54

20．Consonance56

21．Homoeoteleuton57

22．Paregmenon58

23．Hendiadys59

24．Epanorthosis60

25．Repetition61

26．Polysyndeton64

27．Paradiastole65

28．Polypunctuation65

29．Tongue Twisters66

30．Pleonasm67

31．Ellipsis68

32．Asyndeton and Parataxis69

33．Sentence Fragment69

34．Paraleipsis70

35．Aposiopesis71

36．Syllepsis71

37．Zeugma73

38．Antithesis74

39．Oxymoron75

40．Paradox76

41．Epigram76

42．Parallelism77

43．Climax79

44．Anticlimax79

45．Represented Speech80

46．Periodic Sentence81

47．Ecphonesis or Exclamation81

48．Dubitation82

49．Pun83

50．Irony85

51．Innuendo86

52．Satire87

53．Rhetorical Question87

54．Allegory88

55．Inversion or Hyperbaton91

56．Anagram93

57．Palindrome95

58．Malapropism96

59．Spoonerism97

60．Bull98

61．Hysteron-proteron98

62．Metastasis99

63．Enallage or Functional Shift99

64．Parody100

65．Onomatopoeia102

66．Mimesis103

67．Graphic103

68．Biblical Rhetoric104

69．Prosopopoeia or Vision104

70．Apostrophe105

71．Prolepsis106

Exercise 2107

Part Two Writing113

Chapter 1 General Principles of Writing113

Exercise 3116

Chapter 2 The Word117

1．Diction117

2．Estimation and Building Up of a Vocabulary118

3．Words Preferable for Effectiveness122

4．Denotation and Connotation124

5．Synonyms126

6．Euphemisms128

7．Chinglish,Slang,Archaism,Jargon129

8．Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions133

9．Effective Use of Active Verbs135

10．Formal and Informal Language137

11．Loanwords139

Exercise 4142

Chapter 3 The Sentence150

1．Characteristics of an Effective Sentence150

1）Correctness150

2）Unity157

3）Clarity159

4）Coherence168

5）Emphasis172

2．Kinds of Sentences179

3．Appropriate Usage of Various Kinds of Sentences182

4．Sentence Variety184

5．Sentence Combining188

6．Punctuation192

Exercise 5206

Chapter 4 The Paragraph216

1．Introduction216

1）Functions of the Paragraph217

2）Qualities of an Effective Paragraph218

3）Paragraph Development239

4）Three Special Paragraphs241

5）Transition between Paragraphs248

6）Methods of Developing a Paragraph250

2．Narration250

1）What Is Narration?250

2）How to Write a Narration?251

（1）Decide upon a Theme251

（2）Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order253

（3）Build Conflict in the Plot254

（4）Focus on the Character258

（5）Select and Pace the Details259

（6）Use Consistent Point of View260

3．Description261

1）What Is Description?261

2）How to Write a Description?262

（1）Establish a Dominant Impression262

（2）Arrange the Description in Spatial Order263

（3）Point of View264

（4）Four Sub-types of Description265

（5）Use Specific and Vivid Language268

4．Exposition269

1）What Is Exposition?269

2）How to Write an Exposition?270

（1）Definition270

（2）Explanation278

（3）Listing285

（4）Examples286

（5）Classification and Division291

（6）Comparison and Contrast295

5．Argumentation301

1）What Is Argumentation?301

2）How to Write an Argumentation?302

（1）Distinguish Necessary,Sufficient and Contributory Causes303

（2）Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes304

（3）Patterns of Causal Analysis305

（4）Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy307

（5）Avoid Circular Reasoning307

（6）Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly308

Exercise 6309

Chapter 5 The Essay330

1．What Is an Essay?330

2．How to Write an Essay?331

3．Pre-writing Steps339

4．From Paragraph to Essay345

5．Style and Tone360

6．Evaluate Your Own Essay365

Exercise 7367

Chapter 6 Varieties of Writing371

1．Introduction371

2．Research Paper Writing372

3．Report Writing377

1）Business Reports377

2）Journalistic Reports379

4．Letter Writing382

1）Personal Letters382

2）Business Letters384

3）Parts of a Letter387

4）The Memo393

5）Notes393

5．Official Writing396

6．Foreign Trade Writings404

7．Comments408

8．Public Speech413

9．Biography417

10．Tourist Guide422

11．Advertising425

12．Religious Writing．429

13．Other Types of Writing433

Exercise 8438

Appendix440

Bibliography442