《OUTLINES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW》

PART Ⅰ—INTRODUCTORY1

CHAPTER ⅠTHE NATURE,SCOPE,AND OBSERVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW1

1．The nature of international law1

2．The term"international law"3

3．International law to be distinguished from other named subjects4

4．The conflict of laws,or international private law4

5．International comity,or the comity of nations4

6．International state policy,or diplomacy5

7．International ethics6

8．International law compared with municipal law7

9．International law as part of municipal law8

10．Codification of international law10

11．Observance of international law11

CHAPTER ⅡTHE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.THE EARLY INTERCOURSE OF PEOPLES14

12．The original motives and causes of international law14

13．The sources of international law15

14．The early history of the intercourse of nations20

15．Code of Manu22

16．The Hebrews22

17．Other intercourse of the ancients24

18．International laws and usages of the Greeks24

19．International intercourse and laws of the Romans25

20．The Dark and Middle Ages27

21．The predecessors of Grotius30

22．Grotius,the founder of the science of modern international law32

CHAPTER ⅢTHE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW37

23．The peace of Westphalia and the Thirty Years' War37

24．The successors of Grotius38

25．From the peace of Westphalia until the peace of Utrecht39

26．From the peace of Utrecht to the French Revolution41

27．From the outbreak of the French Revolution to the congress of Vienna43

28．From the congress of Vienna to the declaration of Paris44

29．The enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine46

30．The declaration of Paris47

31．From the declaration of Paris to the treaty of Washington,187149

32．From the treaty of Washington of 1871 to the first Hague conference50

33．The first Hague conference52

34．The second Hague conference53

35．The declaration of London57

36．Events since 1909 bearing upon international law59

PART Ⅱ—STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW61

CHAPTER ⅣSTATES:THE PRIMARY SOBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION61

37．Sovereign states the subjects of international law61

38．Definition of a sovereign state61

39．Characteristics and conditions of sovereign states61

40．Equality of sovereign states in a legal sense62

41．States,communities,corporations,and institutions that are not primarily subjects of international law63

42．Neutralized states65

43．Part-sovereign states and protectorates67

44．The North American Indians and the native princes of British India68

CHAPTER ⅤFORMATION,RECOGNITION,AND CONTINUITY OF STATES.CHANGES OF GOVERNMENTS.DE FACTO GOVERNMENTS.EXTINCTION OF STATES72

45．he formation of states72

46．he formation of a state by occupation or colonization in a territory without civilized population73

47．The formation of a state by the attainment,after previous existence,of sufficiently full civilization and standing74

48．Formation of states by the division of a state into two or more nationalities75

49．The attainment of independence by relief from the subjection of another state75

50．The combination of a number of minor states into a union or confederation76

51．The attainment of independence by an insurgent community76

52．The state of insurgency77

53．The state of belligerency and its recognition81

54．The recognition of a new state85

55．Continuity of states88

56．De facto governments90

57．Extinction of states91

CHAPTER ⅥTHE SUCCESSION OF STATES.FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF STATES.INDEPENDENCE AND EQUALITY OF STATES.SELF-PRESERVATION.RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY AND HONOR OF THE STATE94

58．The succession of states and sovereignty94

59．Fundamental rights and duties of sovereign states97

60．The right of independence and legal equality98

61．Intervention100

62．The right of self-preservation103

63．Respect for the dignity and honor of the state109

CHAPTER ⅦTERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF A STATE112

64．Exclusive jurisdiction over its own territory112

65．The right to hold and acquire property113

66．Boundaries of states119

67．State servitudes123

68．Territorial waters125

69．The marine league126

70．Straits131

71．Rivers134

72．Interoceanic canals136

73．The Panama Canal139

74．Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty143

CHAPTER ⅧTHE HIGH SEAS.IMMUNITIES OF FOREIGN VESSELS IN PORTS ADN WATERS147

75．What is meant by the high seas147

76．The freedom of the high seas148

77．Jurisdiction over vessels upon the high seas and other waters152

78．Piracy154

79．Right of approach155

80．Papers carried by merchant vessels156

81．Immunities of foreign vessels of war in ports and waters158

82．Immunity from arrest when asylum is sought on board vessels of war162

83．Status of merchant vessels in foreign ports167

CHAPTER ⅨNATIONALITY.ALIENS.EXTRADITION175

84．Nationality175

85．Citizenship by birth178

86．Naturalization181

87．Corporations as citizens185

88．Aliens185

89．Domicile187

90．Extradition189

91．Extradition of deserters192

PART Ⅲ—INTERCOURSE OF STATES IN TIME OF PEACE195

CHAPTER ⅩTHE HEAD OF THE STATE.DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE.THE RIGHT OF ASYLUM IN LEGATIONS AND EMBASSIES195

92．The head of the state195

93．Immunities of the head of a state196

94．Diplomatic intercourse197

95．The appointment and reception of embassies or diplomatic agents199

96．Rank and classification of diplomatic officials202

97．The duties of diplomatic officials204

98．The rights and privileges of diplomatic officials206

99．Right of asylum in legations and embassies210

100．Termination of diplomatic mission212

101．Agents of the state without diplomatic or consular character213

CHAPTER ⅪCONSULS.EXEQUATUR.RIGHTS,IMMUNITIES,AND DUTIES OF CONSULAR OFFICERS218

102．Historical sketch of consulates218

103．Definition of a consul and his general functions220

104．Classification and precedence of consuls223

105．Exequatur-installation of the consul225

106．Duties of consular officers230

107．Foreign consular systems232

108．Termination of consular functions233

109．Exterritoriality-consuls with judicial functions234

CHAPTER ⅫINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.NEGOTIATIONS.CONGRESSES AND CONFERENCES237

110．International agreements237

111．Negotiations237

112．Congresses and conferences238

CHAPTER ⅩⅢINTERNATIONAL TREATIES PAGE242

113．Definition of a treaty.Early existence of treaties242

114．Nature and classification of treaties243

115．The parties to a treaty244

116．Matters necessary to the validity of treaties245

117．Form and ratification of treaties246

118．Enforcement of treaties250

119．The operation of treaties253

CHAPTER ⅩⅣINTERPRETATION OF TREATIES.TERMINATION OF TREATIES257

120．Interpretation of treaties257

121．The most-favored-nation clause260

122．Termination of treaties?263

123．Effect of war upon treaties264

124．Abrogation or modification of treaties268

CHAPTER ⅩⅤMEDIATION.ARBITRATION.ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS AND CONFERENCES271

125．Mediation271

126．Arbitration274

127．International commissions of inquiry277

128．Obligatory arbitration278

129．The judicial settlement of international disputes279

CHAPTER ⅩⅥMEASURES OF CONSTRAINT SHORT OF WAR283

130．The suspension of diplomatic relations283

131．Retorsions285

132．Reprisals286

133．Pacific blockade289

PART Ⅳ—WAR-RELATIONS OF BELLIGERENTS293

CHAPTER ⅩⅦGENERAL QUESTIONS AS TO WAR.OUTBREAK OF WAR.ARMED FORCES OF THE STATE293

134．General questions as to war293

135．Outbreak of war294

136．Armed forces of the state298

CHAPTER ⅩⅧEFFECT OF WAR UPON INDIVIDUALS.EFFECT OF WAR AS TO PROPERTY PAGE300

137．Effect of war upon combatants and non-combatants300

138．Effect of war as to property305

CHAPTER ⅩⅨLAWS OF WAR.LAWS OF LAND WARFARE309

139．Laws of war in general309

140．Modern development of the laws of war310

141．Laws of war and the private citizen312

142．The laws of war on land.Belligerents315

143．Prisoners of war317

144．Hostilities324

145．Spies326

146．Flags of truce327

147．Capitulations328

148．Armistices328

149．Reprisals or retaliation329

CHAPTER ⅩⅩMARITIME WARFARE332

150．Maritime war in general332

151．Laws and usages of war at sea333

152．Attack and capture of public vessels of the enemy334

153．The use of torpedoes and submarine mines337

154．Conversion of merchantmen into vessels of war337

155．Capture of enemy's merchantmen340

156．Exemptions and restrictions in capture in maritime warfare343

157．Enemy character in maritime warfare346

158．The procedure of the capture and sending in of a merchantman347

159．Destruction of enemy vessels as prizes348

160．Resistance to search,recapture,ransom,and safe conduct349

161．Bombardments by naval forces in time of war350

162．Submarine cables in time of war351

CHAPTER ⅩⅪAERIAL WARFARE.WIRELESS TELEGRAPH355

163．Aerial warfare in general355

164．The sovereignty of the air357

165．Aerial warfare as affected by the laws of war359

166．Wireless telegraphy360

CHAPTER ⅩⅫMILITARY OCCUPATION.TERMINATION OF WAR.CONQUEST AND CESSION364

167．The meaning of military occupation364

168．The authority of the military occupant366

169．Limitations to the military authority of the occupant367

170．Termination of war372

171．Treaty of peace374

172．Effects of treaties of peace376

173．Conquest and cession377

PART Ⅴ—RELATIONS BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS AND NEUTRALS380

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢNEUTRALITY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT.RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRALS IN LAND WARFARE380

174．The creation of neutral states by commencement of war380

175．The status and principles of neutrality381

176．The development of the law of neutrality383

177．Neutral rights and duties in land warfare389

178．Proclamations and declarations of neutrality396

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣRIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF NEUTRALS AND BELLIGERENTS IN MARITIME WARFARE398

179．The inviolability of neutral territory and waters398

180．The use of neutral waters as a base of naval operations401

181．Obligations of neutrals as to their waters402

182．The rights of visit and search409

183．Convoy411

184．Spoliation of papers412

185．Hostile expeditions413

186．Right of angary415

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤBLOCKADE418

187．Blockade-its extent and effectiveness418

188．Declaration and notification of blockade421

189．Liability to capture for breach of blockade423

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥCONTRABAND OP WAR.CARRIAGE OF CONTRABAND427

190．Definition and general principles of contraband427

191．Enumeration of contraband and non-contraband articles428

192．Destination of contraband and consequent judgment433

193．The penalty of contraband trade436

194．Pre-emption440

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦUNNEUTRAL SERVICE442

195．The carriage of persons and despatches for the enemy442

196．The case of the Trent447

197．The opening to neutrals of a trade closed in peace449

198．Rescue of shipwrecked belligerents by neutral vessels451

199．Destruction of neutral prizes453

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧTRANSFER OP FLAG.ENEMY CHARACTER.PRIZE-COURTS458

200．Transfer to a neutral flag458

201．Enemy character461

202．The sending in of prizes for their adjudication462

203．Jurisdiction of national prize tribunals463

204．International prize-court466

205．Compensation for capture when found void468

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨOPEN AND UNSETTLED QUESTIONS IN MARITIME WARFARE471

206．A general discussion of unsettled questions in maritime warfare471

207．Days of grace at the outbreak of war473

208．The question of domicile or nationality as the determining factor in maritime capture474

209．The conversion of merchantmen into vessels of war upon the high seas or in neutral waters475

210．The use of floating mines on the high seas477

LIST OP AUTHORITIES CONSULTED481

APPENDIX ⅠTHE RECOGNITION OP BELLIGERENCY AND OP INDEPENDENCE487

APPENDIX ⅡCONVENTION FOB THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES500

APPENDIX ⅢINTERNATIONAL PRIZE-CODRT CONVENTION SIGNED AT THE HAGUE,OCTOBER 15,1907520

APPENDIX ⅣINTERNATIONAL NAVAL CONFERENCE SIGNED AT LONDON,FEBRUARY 26,1909535

APPENDIX ⅤNEUTRALITY-GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN598

INDEX603