《THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL SPACES》

GENERAL INTRODUCTION1

CHAPTER ⅠTHE DELIMITATION OF INTERNATIONAL SPACES4

INTRODUCTION4

SECTION 1THE DELIMITATION OF THE HIGH SEAS6

A.The Traditional Breadth of the Territorial Sea6

B.The Failure of Delimitation at the Hague Conference7

C.International Delimitation in the Fisheries Case8

D.Delimitation in the International Law Commission9

E.The Failure of Delimitation at the Geneva Conferences11

F.The Jurisprudence of Marine Delimitation13

G.The Delimitation of Submarine Areas15

H.The Delimitation of Marine Airspace23

SECTION 2THE DELIMITATION OF THE POLAR REGIONS26

A.The Delimitation of the Arctic Ocean26

B.The History of National Delimitation in Antarctica28

C.The Failure of Delimitation in the Antarctica Cases30

D.International Delimitation in the Antarctic Treaty32

E.The Jurisprudence of Polar Delimitation35

SECTION 3THE DELIMITATION OF THE COSMIC SPACES39

A.The Delimitation of National Airspace39

B.The Delimitation of International Airspace41

C.The Delimitation of Airspace and Outer Space42

D.The Jurisprudence of Cosmic Delimitation44

E.The Delimitation of Outer Space and Celestial Bodies46

CONCLUSION50

CHAPTER ⅡTHE PROHIBITION OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OVER INTERNATIONAL SPACES52

INTRODUCTION52

SECTION 1THE PROHIBITION OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE HIGH SEAS54

A.The Traditional Freedom of the High Seas54

B.The Adjudication of the Freedom of the High Seas56

C.The Codification of the Freedom of the High Seas58

D.The Regulation of the Freedom of the High Seas60

E.The Freedom of the Airspace of the High Seas61

F.The Freedom of the Deep Seabed63

G.The Freedom of the High Seas and Land-Locked States65

H.The Jurisprudence of the Freedom of the High Seas66

SECTION 2THE PROHIBITION OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE POLAR REGIONS70

A.The Freedom of the Arctic Ocean70

B.The History of Sector Claims in Antarctica71

C.The Precedents of the Adjudication of Polar Claims73

D.The Development of the Freedom of Antarctica76

E.The Status of Sector Claims in the Antarctic Treaty77

F.The Jurisprudence of the Freedom of the Polar Regions80

SECTION 3THE PROHIBITION OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE COSMIC SPACES82

A.The Customary Freedom of the Cosmic Spaces82

B.The Codification of the Freedom of the Cosmic Spaces84

C.The Freedom of the Cosmic Spaces in the United Nations85

D.The Prohibition of Sovereignty in the Outer Space Treaty87

E.The Freedom of Celestial Bodies89

F.The Jurisprudence of the Freedom of the Cosmic Spaces91

CONCLUSION93

CHAPTER ⅢTHE JURISDICTION OF THE FLAG STATE IN INTERNATIONAL SPACES95

INTRODUCTION95

SECTION 1THE JURISDICTION OF THE FLAG STATE ON THE HIGH SEAS97

A.The Development of Flag Jurisdiction on the High Seas97

B.Flag Jurisdiction in the Lotus Case98

C.The Codification of Flag Jurisdiction on the High Seas99

D.The Regulation of Flag Jurisdiction on the High Seas101

E.Flag Jurisdiction in the Airspace of the High Seas102

F.Flag Jurisdiction on the Deep Seabed103

G.The Flag Jurisdiction of Land-Locked States105

H.The Genuine Link and Flags of Convenience106

I.Nationality of Ships in the IMCO Case109

J.The Jurisprudence of Flag Jurisdiction on the High Seas111

SECTION 2THE JURISDICTION OF THE FLAG STATE IN THE POLAR REGIONS116

A.Flag Jurisdiction in the Arctic Ocean116

B.Customary Flag Jurisdiction in Antarctica117

C.The Regime of Jurisdiction in the Antarctic Treaty119

D.The Control of Flag Jurisdiction in Antarctica121

E.Nationality of Antarctic Expeditions and Stations123

F.The Jurisprudence of Flag Jurisdiction in the Polar Regions126

SECTION 3THE JURISDICTION OF THE FLAG STATE IN THE COSMIC SPACES129

A.Customary Flag Jurisdiction in the Cosmic Spaces129

B.The Codification of Flag Jurisdiction in the Cosmic Spaces130

C.Flag Jurisdiction in the Outer Space Treaty131

D.Flag Jurisdiction on Celestial Bodies132

E.The Control of Flag Jurisdiction in the Cosmic Spaces135

F.Nationality of Spacecraft and Space Stations137

G.The Jurisprudence of Flag Jurisdiction in the Cosmic Spaces138

CONCLUSION141

CHAPTER ⅣTHE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL SPACES143

INTRODUCTION143

SECTION 1THE USE OF FORCE ON THE HIGH SEAS145

A.The Traditional Law of the Use of Force on the High Seas145

B.The Use of Force and Self-Defense on the High Seas146

C.Immunity of Ships on the High Seas148

D.The Right of Hot Pursuit on the High Seas151

E.The Repression of Piracy on the High Seas153

F.The Jurisprudence of the Use of Force on the High Seas155

G.The Sanctions of Broadcasting on the High Seas156

H.The Nuclear Test Ban on the High Seas159

I.The Use of Force in the Airspace of the High Seas160

J.The Use of Force on the Deep Seabed163

K.The Strategic Use of the High Seas164

SECTION 2THE USE OF FORCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS169

A.The Use of Force in the Arctic Ocean169

B.The Use of Force and Self-Defense in Antarctica170

C.The Prohibition of the Military Use of Antarctica171

D.The Jurisprudence of the Use of Force in Antarctica175

E.The Nuclear Test Ban in Antarctica176

F.Immunity and Intervention in Antarctica178

G.The Strategic Use of the Polar Regions180

SECTION 3THE USE OF FORCE IN THE COSMIC SPACES183

A.The Use of Force and Self-Defense in the Cosmic Spaces183

B.Immunity and Intervention in the Cosmic Spaces184

C.The Nuclear Ban in the Cosmic Spaces185

D.The Prohibition of the Military Use of Celestial Bodies186

E.The Jurisprudence of the Use of Force in Outer Space189

F.The Strategic Use of the Cosmic Spaces191

CONCLUSION194

GENERAL CONCLUSION196

APPENDIX 1CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS200

APPENDIX 2THE ANTARCTIC TREATY210

APPENDIX 3THE OUTER SPACE TREATY217

Ⅰ.TABLE OF TREATIES224

Ⅱ.TABLE OF CASES226

Ⅲ.TABLE OF RESOLUTIONS227

Ⅳ.TABLE OF DECLARATIONS229

Ⅴ.BIBLIOGRAPHY230