《outlines of palaeontology》

SECTION Ⅰ INTRODUCTION1

The Round of Nature1

The Forms of Animal Life4

The Nature of the Pal?ontological Record9

SECTION Ⅱ PHYLUM PROTOZOA11

Order Foraminifera11

The Life History of Elphidium11

Basal Material and Shell Form12

Foraminifera with Hyaline Shells13

Nummulites and their Allies15

Foraminifera with Porcellanous Shells18

Foraminifera with Sandy Shells21

Order Radiolaria23

SECTION Ⅲ PHYLUM PORIFERA24

Introduction24

Sponges with Calcareous Skeletons25

Sponges with Non-Calcareous Skeletons26

Pleospongia27

SECTION Ⅳ PHYLUM C?LENTERA29

Order Hydromedus?29

The Structure and Life History of Obelia29

The Classification of the Hydromedus?31

Dendroid Graptolites32

Didymograptus and its Allies34

The Development and Life History of Graptolites37

Post-Arenigian Graptolites40

Order Anthozoa45

The Classification of the Anthozoa45

Alcyonaria45

Modern Zoantharia, their Structure and Development47

Early Pal?ozoic Reef Builders49

The Structure and Development of a Pal?ozoic Coral50

The Evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei52

The Development of Zaphrentis delanouei55

The Structural Elements in Carboniferous Corals55

Compound Carboniferous Corals60

Precarboniferous Corals62

Mesozoic and Later Corals : Simple Types63

Mesozoic and Later Corals : Compound Types66

SECTION ⅤA DIGRESSION ON GENETIC AFFINITY69

SECTION ⅥPHYLUM VERMES74

The Annelida74

SECTION ⅦPHYLUM BRACHIOPODA77

The Development and Structure of a Typical Brachiopod77

Changes in and about the Pedicle Opening80

Major Changes in the Form of the Shell83

Internal Structural Features87

General Classification and History91

SECTION ⅧPHYLUM POLYZOA94

The Structure and Development of a Polyzoan94

Methods of Colony Formation95

The Earlier Polyzoa98

The Later Polyzoa101

SECTION ⅨPHYLUM ECHINODERMA105

Introduction105

The Development of an Echinoderm108

Orders Cystoidea and Blastoidea110

The Birth of the Echinoderms110

Flowlines of Structural Change in Attached Forms112

The Radiation of Attached Forms116

Order Crinoidea121

The Structure and Life History of Antedon121

The Simplest Crinoids124

The Arms of Crinoids126

The Theca of Crinoids129

Crinoid Stems132

The Later History of Crinoids135

Order Stelleroidea136

The Stelleroids—Structure and Development136

The General History of the Asteroids139

The General History of the Ophiuroids144

Order Echinoidea145

The Structure of an Echinoid145

Echinoids, Ancient and Modern148

Ancient Echinoids149

A Study in Classificatory Principles149

Modern Echinoids153

The Establishment of the Cidaroida153

Changes in Symmetry154

Structural Changes in Regular Echinoids156

Minor Changes in the Irregular Echinoids160

SECTION ⅩPHYLUM MOLLUSCA163

Introduction163

Order Cephalopoda165

The Pearly Nautilus and its Shell165

Fossil Nautiloids167

Belemnites and their Allies171

The Structure and Development of a Mesozoic Ammonoid174

The Structure and Development of a Pal?ozoic Ammonoid176

Recurrent Morphological Changes178

The Earliest Ammonoids180

The Later Goniatitic Ammonoids183

Ammonoids in their Hey-day184

The Age of Ammonites189

The Early Jurassic Ammonites191

The Later Jurassic Ammonites197

Cretaceous Ammonites200

Order Pelecypoda202

The Development of the Shell202

Modifications of Shell Form203

Changes in and about the Hinge Margin208

Order Gastropoda212

Structural Peculiarities212

The Gastropod Shell215

The General History of the Gastropoda220

SECTION Ⅺ PHYLUM ARTHROPODA223

Introduction223

Order Trilobita224

Structure and Habits224

The Trend Lines of Structural Change227

The Development of Trilobites230

Adaptive Modifications232

Cambrian Trilobites235

Trilobites in Acme and Decline240

Order Crustacea248

Early Pal?ozoic Crustacea248

Late Pal?ozoic Crustacea251

Mesozoic and later Crustacea253

Order Arachnida255

Aquatic Arachnida255

Air-Breathing Invertebrates258

Air-Breathing Arachnida258

Order Insecta260

Flying Arthropods260

SECTION ⅫPHYLUM VERTEBRATA264

General Characteristics264

The General History of the Vertebrate Skeleton267

Order Pisces271

Form and Function in Fishes271

The Earliest Fishes273

Sharks and their Predecessors276

Boneless Fishes, Teeth and Spines279

Structural Changes in Fishes with Bone281

Devonian Bony Fishes and their Later Representatives284

Sturgeons and their Late Pal?ozoic Allies289

Mesozoic Fishes291

The Perfecting of the Bony Fish293

Order Amphibia297

Modern Amphibia297

Smaller Fossil Amphibia299

Larger Fossil Amphibia300

The Origin of Four-footed Animals303

Orders Reptilia and Aves304

Primitive Reptiles304

Early Changes in the Reptilian Skull306

Progressive Changes in Arms and Legs308

An Early Reptilian Radiation310

Reptiles and Mammalia Compared311

Mammal-like Reptiles313

The New Zealand Lizard and its Allies315

Crocodiles and their Fossil Allies316

The Dinosauria318

Extinct Denizens of the Deep322

Tortoises and Turtles324

Denizens of the Air326

The Last Reptilian Radiation329

Order Mammalia330

Teeth and their Modifications330

Mesozoic Mammals334

Carnivora or Flesh-eating Mammals335

A General History of Hoofed Mammals338

Archaic Ungulates339

Modernized Ungulates341

Artiodactyles341

Perissodactyles345

Proboscidea348

Other Mammals349

Edentata349

Rodentia350

Insectivora351

Chiroptera351

Aquatic Mammals351

Primates352

Mankind354

SECTION ⅩⅢThe Principles of Structural Change360

Bibliography371

General Index379

Systematic Index386