《THE MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF OUTER SPACE》求取 ⇩

1.INTRODUCTION1

1.Science,Technology,and the International Law of the Space Environment1

2.Satellite Characteristics,Locations and Uses2

3.Peaceful Uses of the Space Environment5

2.THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE REGULATION OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT(OUTER SPACE,PER SE,THE MOON,AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES):THE 1967 PRINCIPLES TREATY12

1.The Genesis of Law for the Space Environment:Role of the UN12

2.The 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies:Basic Interlocking Principles20

3.The Significance of the 1967 Principles Treaty48

3.INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS:THE 1972 LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CONVENTION59

1.Introduction59

2.Policy Considerations60

3.The Development of International Space Law Relating to Damages61

4.Relationship between Articles 3,6,7,9,and 13 of the Principles Treaty and the1972 Liability for Damages Convention88

5.The Liability for Damages Convention and Compensable Harms91

6.Conclusion104

4.PROTECTION OF SPACE FROM CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION129

1.Introduction129

2.Terminology130

3.Early Concerns131

4.Environmental Harms and the1967 Principles Treaty135

5.The 1972 Liability Convention and Environmental Harms142

6.Applicability of Other International Agreements144

7.Conclusion146

5.THE 1968 RESCUE AND RETURN AGREEMENT152

1.Introduction152

2.Early Considerations Leading to the Rescue and Return Agreement,1962-1968153

3.Submissions to COPUOS and to the First Committee in 1962154

4.COPUOS and the Drafting of the Agreement158

5.The Terms of the Agreement170

6.Interpretations of the Agreement182

7.Conclusion203

6.THE 1975 REGISTRATION CONVENTION213

1.Introduction213

2.Early Interest in Disclosure of Information215

3.Early Negotiations Leading to the Registration Convention,1962-1968217

4.COPUOS and the Drafting of the Registration Convention222

5.Appraisal of the Registration Convention234

7.THE 1979 AGREEMENT GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES ON THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES(THE MOON TREATY)246

1.Introduction246

2.Policy Options248

3.The Emergence of Concerns for Mankind251

4.The History of the Negotiations and an Analysis of the Provisions of the Moon Treaty253

5.The Proposal for a Common Heritage of Mankind(CHM)Principle and its Acceptance285

6.National Responses to the Completed Treaty311

7.Conclusion317

8.AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME,INCLUDING APPROPRIATE PROCEDURES,FOR THE MOON:ARTICLE 11,PARAGRAPH 5 OF THE 1979 MOON TREATY342

1.Introduction342

2.An Appraisal of the Reality Impressing Itself on Moon Activity342

3.Early International Interests in a Legal Regime for the Moon344

4.The Seemingly Endless Negotiations,1972-1979348

5.The 1979 Success-The Art of Compromise Prevails356

6.Appropriate Procedures:International Organization357

7.Conclusion360

9.AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME AND ORGANIZATION FOR THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE SUN AND MOON364

1.Introduction364

2.Practical Considerations in the Exploitation of Solar Energy and the Natural Resources of the Moon366

3.Legal and Political Considerations375

4.Conclusion417

10.THE DEFINITION/DELIMITATION OF OUTER SPACE,THE USE OF THE GEOSTATIONARY ORBITAL POSITION,AND THE 1976 BOGOTA DECLARATION:POLICIES AND PROSPECTS435

1.Introduction435

2.Early UN Concerns for Definition/Delimitation,1959-1969438

3.Early Views of Scholars441

4.The 1967 Principles Treaty and the Definition/Delimitation of Outer Space443

5.Negotiations between 1967 and 1976 Relating to Definition/Delimitation444

6.Challenges to the Free and Equal Use of and Free Access to the Space Environment451

7.The COPUOS Debates from 1977 to the Present469

8.Current Assessments by Scholars502

9.Conclusion521

11.THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF THE ORBIT/SPECTRUM RESOURCE:THE ITU AND THE UN547

1.Introduction547

2.Meaning of the Term "Use" in the1967 Principles Treaty with Special Reference to the Orbit/Spectrum Resource548

3.The ITU and the Orbit/Spectrum Resource:General Powers of the ITU548

4.The Issue of Priority of Rights to Use Radio Frequencies and Orbital Positions555

5.The 1971 World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications,WARC-ST557

6.The 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service,WARC-BS568

7.The 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference,WARC579

8.An Assessment of the 1979 Conference and Future Prospects591

9.Annex Ⅰ.Basic Characteristics to be Furnished in Notices Relating to Space Stations in the Broadcasting Satellite Service594

10.Annex Ⅱ.Technical Parameters Influencing the Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource594

12.DIRECT TELEVISION BROADCASTING(DTB)605

1.Introduction605

2.Policy Issues Affecting Direct Television Broadcasting607

3.Role of International Institutions610

4.The UN and DTB:The Record from 1968 to the Present617

5.Conclusion704

13.REMOTE SENSING BY SPACE OBJECTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW720

1.Introduction720

2.Remote Sensing Defined725

3.A Functional Approach to Remote Sensing727

4.The Emergence of Contending Positions on Remote Sensing729

5.Factors Influencing Present Outlooks731

6.The Role of COPUOS,1975-1982735

7.Conclusion755

14.THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES(NPS)IN OUTER SPACE765

1.Introduction765

2.The Identification of Safety Standards by the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee,1978767

3.The Legal Sub-Committee's Response in 1978770

4.The Identification of Safety Standards by the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee in 1979771

5.The Legal Sub-Committee and a NPS,1979774

6.A NPS and the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee,1980777

7.The Legal Sub-Committee and a NPS,1980780

8.The Work of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee in 1981785

9.The 1981 Review of a NPS by the Legal Sub-Committee787

10.Appraisal of the Present Situation790

11.Conclusion801

15.SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS(STS)AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES IN SPACE811

1.Introduction811

2.Missions for STS812

3.COPUOS and the International Implications of STS815

4.Legal Aspects:International817

5.Municipal Law Implications of STS831

6.Conclusion834

16.CONCLUSION841

Appendixes851

1.TREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE,INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES,JANUARY 27,1967851

2.AGREEMENT ON THE RESCUE OF ASTRONAUTS,THE RETURN OF ASTRONAUTS AND THE RETURN OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE,APRIL 22,1968858

3.CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS,MARCH 29,1972863

4.CONVENTION ON REGISTRATION OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE,JANUARY 14,1975874

5.AGREEMENT GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES ON THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES,DECEMBER 5,1979880

6.BOGOTA DECLARATION,DECEMBER 3,1976891

7.WHITE HOUSE PRESS RELEASE(DESCRIPTION OF A PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE ON NATIONAL SPACE POLICY)897

8.THE WHITE HOUSE-OCTOBER 11,1978,FACT SHEET,U.S.CIVIL SPACE POLICY902

9.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATIONS OF THE FIVE UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION908

10.STATES BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS WHICH ARE BOUND BY ALL OF THE FIRST FOUR UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION913

11.EQUATORIAL STATES WHICH ARE BOUND BY THE FIRST FOUR UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION914

12.MEMBERS OF COPUOS,1982915

Index916

About the Author932