《OUTER SPACE AND LEGAL LIABILITY》

Chapter Ⅰ.Introduction1

The problems and questions limited and formulated1

The Outer Space Court-Background and Illustrations4

Illustrations of other bodies and courts4

The United Nations Charter's provisions examined5

The adjudicatory provisions6

Article 2,paragraph 36

Article 338

The enforcement provisions-Charter Chapter Ⅶ and Article 949

The 1972 Liability Treaty-Preliminary Examination11

Limitation of subject matter jurisdiction11

Inadequacy of the substantive provisions11

Inadequacy of the procedural provisions12

The amending provisions13

The method of analysis14

Notes15

Chapter Ⅱ.The Background of the 1967 Outer Space and 1972 Liability Treaties27

Non-governmental writings,conferences,and activities28

United Nations activities29

Conclusions30

Notes33

Chapter Ⅲ.The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and Its Inconclusiveness For Legal Liability41

Analysis of general Treaty language43

In Articles Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅸ,and ⅩⅢ43

In Articles Ⅵ and Ⅷ45

Article Ⅵ45

Article Ⅷ49

Analysis of Article Ⅶ50

The Article's terms50

A conceivable interpretation53

Conclusions54

In general54

Declaring or creating law55

The 1967 Treaty as a stop-gap document57

Analysis of the 1968 Astronaut Rescue Treaty58

The 1972 Liability Treaty60

The 1979 Moon Convention60

Conclusion61

Notes61

Chapter Ⅳ.The Liability Treaty of 1972 and Its Inconclusiveness For Legal Liability69

Declaring or creating law70

The Preamble72

The substantive provisions75

Principles of legal liability and of exoneration75

Absolute liability76

Fault liability80

Exoneration:gross negligence and intent to cause damage81

A diagrammatic representation83

An observation83

Procedural principles-joint and several liability and apportionment of damages85

The procedural provisions-claims and the Claims Commission87

Analysis of provisions87

Formation of a Claims Commission93

The Secretary-General's equivocal position94

Award and compensation96

A diagrammatic representation97

Notes99

Chapter Ⅴ.The International Court for Outer Space121

Introduction121

Composition of the Court124

Finality and enforcement of determination as a necessity126

Jurisdiction130

Geographical130

In general130

In particular131

Individuals' complaints133

The desideratum133

The compromise134

Immunity of States134

The several doctrines135

Sovereign immunity135

Restrictive immunity:act-of-state135

Voluntary withdrawal of immunity136

Two caveats136

Conclusions137

Subject matter jurisdiction and principles of liability137

Preliminary138

Outline of four aspects of subject matter jurisdiction141

Possible allocations of subject matter jurisdiction142

Solely inner space contract or tort problems144

Solely outer space contract or tort problems145

Space problems which are questionably solely,related,or combined outer,inner,or dual150

Notes154

Chapter Ⅵ.Conclusions and Amendments190

Amendments and contract jurisdiction190

Amendments190

Contract jurisdiction193

Finality and enforcement194

The International Court for Outer Space: A Compromise Suggestion196

Notes199

Appendices203

Outlines of Possible Fact Situations for Claims Purposes203

Ⅰ.Contracts-Delicts (Torts) (Identical Permutations and Combinations)203

Ⅱ.Outer Space Per Se-Occupation or Possession of210

Ⅲ.Outer Space Per Se-Occupation or Contamination by Manmade Junk,Debris,Chemicals,Gases,etc.213

Ⅳ.Celestial Bodies (Excluding Earth),e.g.,The Moon Treaties and Conventions218

Ⅴ.1976 Outer Space Treaty219

Ⅵ.1968 Astronaut Rescue Treaty227

Ⅶ.1972 Liability Treaty231

Ⅷ.1974 Registration Treaty242

Ⅸ.1979 Moon Convention248

Tables261

Ⅰ.Selected Acronyms261

Ⅱ.Table of Cases263

Ⅲ.Treaties-Liability Treaty 1972265

-Outer Space Treaty 1967266

-United Nations Charter266

Selected Bibliography267

Index271