《A BRITISH DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 5 PART VI CHAPTER 15》

SECTION I: INTRODUCTORY3

A. Preliminary Considerations3

1. Scope of this chapter3

2. Terminology4

3. The definition and function of nationality in public internationallaw5

4. Internal categories of nationals7

5. International status and protection of non-nationals inhabitantsof protected territories8

6. Other cases of protection of non-nationals8

7. Statelessness: The phenomenon of plural nationality9

B. Nationality and other States17

8. In general17

9. The principle that possession of the nationality of a statedepends on the law of that state and not of another17

10. The range of the jus soli18

11. The jus sanguinis24

12. The imposition of nationality upon immigrants or residents25

13. The effect of changes in territorial sovereignty30

SECTION Ⅱ: THE STATUS OF A BRITISH SUBJECT43

A. Prelimi nary43

14. Nature and structure of the applicable law43

15. The concept of allegiance46

16. Categories of British subjects: Natural-born and naturalisedsubjects48

17. Ibid.: Lack of distinction between natural-born subjects basedon locality49

B. ACquuisitiont54

（i） BIRTH WITHIN THE ALLEGIANCE OF THE CROWN54

18. Approximation of the area of the allegiance with that of thedominions of the Crown54

19. The effect of a personal union of Crowns61

20. Extent of the dominions of the Crown: Exclusion of territoryunder protection65

21. Ibid.: Leased territory66

22. Ibid.: Vessels of war66

23. Ibid.: British merchant vessels67

24. Exception to the rule that birth within the dominions of theCrown constitutes birth within the allegiance: Birth of fatherentitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity69

25. Ibid.: Child born of enemy father in territory under hostileoccupation70

26. Ibid.: Birth on foreign vessel in British waters73

27. Birth outside the dominions of the Crown: Preliminary75

28. Ibid.: Children of the Sovereign75

29. Ibid.: Children of British ambassadors abroad76

30. Ibid.: Children of others in the King’s service78

31. Ibid.: Persons born in a foreign place in the occupation of aBritish force79

32. Ibid.: Children born of British father in places where the Crownexercises extraterritorial jurisdiction80

（ii） DESCENT92

33. In general92

34. The requirement of legitimacy of descent98

35. Effect of birth of a polygamous union101

36. Ibid.: Mr. Abensur’s case （1897).107

37. Ibid.: The Messiah case130

38. Ineffectiveness of legitimation to confer British nationality131

39. Ineffectiveness of adoption to confer British nationality141

（iii） ANNEXATION OF TERRITORY142

40. The earlier law and practice142

41. Upper Burma， 1886147

42. Hong Kong， Kowloon and Wei-hai-wei148

43. The Boer Republics153

44. Miscellaneous164

（iv） MARRIAGE166

45. The earlier law166

46. The Naturalization Act， 1870167

（v） NATURALISATION171

47. Historical171

48. Naturalisation outside England to 1847.172

49. The Aliens Act， 1844174

50. Ibid.: Status of foreign-born children of naturalised persons175

51. Colonial naturalisation after 1847: The question of the extra-territorial effect of naturalisation180

52. The Naturalization Act， 1870: General naturalising provision181

53. Ibid.: Conditions for naturalisation182

54. Certificate in case of doubt186

55. Re-naturalisation189

56. Certificate of re-admission to British nationality189

57. Naturalisation of minor child through residence with naturalisedparent194

58. Status of later-born children of naturalised persons 20r203

59. Effect of residence of child with mother resuming Britishnationality203

60. Colonial naturalisation after 1870204

61. Naturalisation in colonial protectorates205

62. The extraterritorial effect of naturalisation after 1870206

（Vi） ENDENIZATION214

63. In general214

（Vii） MISCELLANEOUS220

64. Acts not attracting British nationality220

C. Loss222

65. In general222

66. Dissolution of Union of Crowns223

67. Cession of territory223

68. Forfeiture of naturalisation （before 1870）230

69. The Naturalization Act， 1870: Declaration of alienage232

70. Naturalisation in foreign State: Historical234

71. Ibid.: The Convention with the United States242

72. Ibid.: The Naturalization Act， 1870， s6245

73. Exception: Naturalisation in enemy State247

74. What constitutes “voluntary naturalisation”248

75. What constitutes a “foreign state”259

76. Miscellaneous265

77. Effect of revocation of foreign naturalisation268

78. Marriage269

79. Effect of loss by parent on minor children279

80. Acts ineffective to produce loss287

D. Proof298

81. In general298

SECTION Ⅲ: THE PROTECTION OF BRITISH SUBJECTS303

A. Introductory303

82. The general principle of the entitlement of natural-born subjectsto protection303

83. The discretionary element in protection: Forfeiture305

84. Ibid.: Miscellaneous307

85. The effect of acceptance of foreign civil office etc， or foreignmilitaryemployment in time of peace309

86. The effect of foreign domicile， declaration of intention to acquireforeign nationality， etc315

87. Registration325

B. Protection of persons naturalised as British subjects327

88. The position before 1870.327

89. Ibid.: Persons naturalised in colonies331

90. The effect of certificates granted under the Naturalization Act，1870333

91. The position of colonially naturalised British subjects after 1870338

C. Protection in cases of plural nationality350

92. The earlier practice: Primacy of the jus soli350

93. Ibid.: British subjects jure soli358

94. Ibid.: Persons naturalised in foreign states360

95. Ibid.: Persons naturalised as British subjects in the UnitedKingdom364

96. Ibid.: Persons naturalised in British colonies366

97. Practice after the Naturalization Act， 1870: In general367

98. Ibid.: Naturalised British subjects382

99. The position of plural nationals in third states383

D. Protection in capitulation countries385

100. Plural nationals born in H.M. Dominions: Persia， Egypt， Turkey385

101. Ibid.: China393

102. British subjects jure sanguinis: Turkey， Persia406

103. Ibid.: Burmese in Siam409

104. Illegitimate Anglo-Chinese born in H.M. Dominions418

105. Persons naturalised as British subjects: Turkey， Egypt419

106. Ibid.: Morocco420

107. Protection in relation to third states432

SECTION ⅠV: BRITISH PROTECTED PERSONS437

108. Preliminary: The term “British Protected Person”437

109. Nationals of protected states: The Ionian Islands439

110. Subjects and inhabitants of protected native states and colonialprotectorates440

111. “Proteges” in capitulation countries448

112. Religious minorities in the Ottoman dominions462

113. Illegitimate Anglo-Chinese465

114. The continuance of protection once enjoyed467

115. The occasional representation of foreign states473

SECTION V : THE PROTECTION OF FIRMS AND PARTNERSHIPS481

116. Firms in the Ottoman dominions and Persia， 1847-94481

117. Firms at Rustchuk， 1893-1906490

118. Miscellaneous498

SECTION VⅠ: NATIONALITY AND PROTECTION OF CORPORATIONS505

119. Theory of the nationality of corporations505

120. Effect of foreign “technical domicile” on protection506

121. Status of companies under commercial treaties conferringbenefits on “British subjects”507

122. The status under treaty of English companies with merelycolourable registration511

123. General principles of protection: The effect of bare registration514

124. The Jewish colonisation companies cases523

125. The Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee of 1913527

126. The protection of British interests in foreign-incorporated com-panies: The Delagoa Bay Railway Company case535

127. Ibid.: Other cases561

128. Religious foundations571

APPENDIX577

1. Legislation577

（1） Aliens Act， 1844577

（2） Aliens Act， 1847580

（3） Naturalization Act， 1870581

（4） Naturalization Oath Act， 1870.589

（5） Naturalization Act， 1872590

（6） Naturalization Act， 1895592

2. Nationality and General Naturalization Laws of the Colonies，etc. to 1914593

3. Report of the Royal Commissioners for inquiring into the Lawsof Naturalization and Allegiance， 1869597

4. Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee appointed by theSecretary of State for the Home Department to consider theDoubts and Difficulties which have arisen in connexion withthe interpretation of the Acts relating to Naturalization， andto advise what Amendment， if any， of the Law is desirable，1901 （Cd. 723）611

Index629