《A BRITISH DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 6 PART VI CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 17》

CHAPTER 16: ALIENS3

SECTION I: PRELIMINARY3

1. Definition3

2. Ibid: Alien amy and alien enemy3

3. Proof of alienage5

SECTIONⅡ: ADMISSION9

A，Admission to the United Kingdom9

4. At common law9

5. Earlier statutory regulations10

6. The Aliens Act， 190512

B. Admission of British nationals to foreign states15

7. Customary international law15

8. The effect of treaty19

9. Ibid: Admission of colonial British nationals to the United States20

10. Ibid: Admission of British Jews to the Ottoman dominions22

11. Admission to the South African Republic26

12. Controversy with Russia concerning the admission of Jews29

C. The so-called right of asylum43

13. Admission of fugitives43

14. International responsibilityfor the behaviour of aliens following admission: In general45

15. French emigres， 180245

16. Mazzini’s case， 184448

17. Correspondence concerning foreign refugees in England，1851-5250

18. The Orsini Plot56

19. Cases under the Offences against the Person Act， 1861， s. 462

20. The International Socieof Workmen64

21. Venezuelan refugees in Trinidad， 1873-7465

22. Libel on the Shah of Persia， 189269

23. International action against anarchists70

SECTION Ⅲ: EXPULSION83

A. Expulsion from M.H. Dominions83

（i） THE PREROGATIVE OF THE CROWN83

24. Earlier history83

25. R. v. Symons （1814）86

26. Debates on the Aliens Acts， 1815-2487

27. The later nineteenth century90

28. Carranza and Dubosc cases93

29. Att.-Gen. for Canada v. Cain96

30. Conditional pardon98

（ii） UNDER STATUTE98

31. Earlier legislation98

32. The Aliens Act， 1905101

33. Cases under the Aliens Act， 1905101

（iii） ALIEN LUNATICS103

34. In general103

（iv） Alien enemies106

35. The eighteenth century106

36. The revolutionary and Napoleonic wars106

37. The Crimean War108

B. Expulsion of British nationals from foreign states112

（i） Under customary international law112

38. Earlier cases112

39. Case of Mr. Sawkins， 1847113

40. Case of Mr. Davidson，1855114

41. Threatened expulsions from Mexico， 1858118

42. Mr. Gallenga’s case， 1860119

43. fiicase， 1860119

44. Miss Dawkins’ case， 1870: Miss Booth’s case， 1883122

45. Haiti case， 1894.124

46. Ben Tillett’s case， 1898124

47. Mr. Raffael’s case， 1907151

48. Haiti， 1911-2154

49. Mr. Brewer’s case， 1912156

（ii） THE EFFECT OF TREATY158

50. Mr. Lewisohn’s case， 1881-82158

51. The Salvationists’ cases， 1883-85166

52. Proposed South African legislation， 1896172

（iii） EFFECT OF CIVIL DISTURBANCES175

53. In general175

54. Hawaiian cases， 1895-98178

55. Craven’s case， 1863193

56. Expulsions from the Mosquito Reserve， 1894193

（iv） EXPULSIONS FROM CAPITULATION COUNTRIES199

57. Turkey， 1860-93199

58. Madagascar， 1886205

59. Siam， 1893-98206

（v） EXPULSIONS FROM ENEMY COUNTRIES207

60. In general207

C. Expulsion from occupied territory: The South African War209

61. Introduction209

62. Establishment of the Compensation Commission210

63. Report of the Commission223

D. Destination annd route of expelled persons231

64. The French Communards231

65. Other Cases232

66. Tom Mann’s case， 1896235

67. Hochman and other cases， 1899-1908235

68. Cases under the Aliens Act， 1905238

SECTION ⅠV: TREATMENT247

A. Preliminary247

69. Distinction between settled and transient aliens247

B. Aliens in the United Kingdom254

（i） ALIEN FRIENDS254

70. Allegiance owed by the alien254

71. Persona standi in judicio255

72. Defence of Act of State256

73. The applicable law256

74. Criminal liability259

75. Trial259

76. Public Office260

77. The franchise261

78. Jurysservice261

79. Milytaryemployment261

80. Social security263

81. Private rights: Landholding263

82. Ibid.: Ownership of vessels266

83. Professions and occupations267

84. Copyright268

（ii） ALIEN ENEMIES270

85. In general270

86. Persona standi in judicio270

C. British subjects in the territory of foreign states278

（i） AMENABILITY TO THE LOCAL LAW278

87. In general278

88. Martial law282

89. Access to courts286

90. Inequitable result of legal proceedings287

91. General standard of treatment in legal proceedings290

92. False arrest etc.， compensation295

93. Excessive punishment316

（ii） RIGHT TO PROTECTION OF THE LOCAL LAW322

94. In general322

95. The Lady of Clennell， 1898323

96. The Sylph， 1869.325

97. New Granada: Amnesty of 1863326

(iii） QUANTUM OF RIGHTS: EQUALITY OF TREATMENT327

98. Landholding327

99. Particular trades328

100. Schools329

101. Liberty to fly national flag329

102. Treaty stipulations330

103. Ibid.: Particular incidents333

（iv） RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY ALIENS: WITHDRAWAL336

104. Real Rights336

105. Ibid.: In time of war344

106. Sudden withdrawal of rights345

107. Measures directed to public benefit348

108. Devaluation of currency350

109. Change in exchange rate351

110. Retroactive legislation351

111. Measures discriminatoryagainst aliens354

112. Forfeiture as a penalty355

113. Forfeiture clause in concessionarycontract358

114. Military necessity: The Taboga359

115. Ibid.: The Frontino and Bolivia Mining Co364

（v） CIVIL DUTIES366

116. Civil office: In general366

117. Juryservice367

118. Other civil duties367

（vi） MILITIA AND MILITARY SERVICE368

119. Civic guard， etc368

120. Obligation to regular military service372

121. Ibid.: Possible conflict of allegiance375

122. The American civil war376

123. Service as a penalty391

124. Later cases391

125. Plural nationals393

126. Treaty stipulations394

127. Other forms of militaryaid: Billeting398

128. Mitary （belligerent） requisitions399

129. Taxation for militarypurposes402

（vii） TAXATION405

130. In general405

131. Forced loans408

132. Transit duty: Mexico， 1841.409

133. Import duty: Montevideo， 1842.409

134. The Mexican forced loan， 1859.409

135. Local rates411

136. Succession duty411

137. Other incidents， 1865-71413

138. Effect of treaty419

D. Corporations423

139. In general423

140. Treaty stipulations428

141. Bright’s Light and Power Company case， 1905432

APPENDIX435

The Aliens Act， 1905 435CHAPTER 17: EXTRADITION: RENDITION OF FUGITIVE OFFENDERSSECTION I: PRELIMINARY443

1. Terminology: “Extradition”; “Rendition”443

2. History of extradition and rendition in the United Kingdom444

SECTION Ⅱ: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS453

3. Absence of customary duty to surrender offenders453

4. Liberty to request surrender462

5. Liberty to grant surrender469

6. Ibid.: Foreign men-of-war’s men477

7. Position in regard to treaties between third states479

8. Effect of irregular surrender480

SECTION Ⅲ: DOMESTIC LAW AND PROCEDURE or EXTRADITION:THE EXTRADITION ACTS499

A. In general499

9. Scheme of the Extradition Acts499

10. Requirement of a treaty499

11. Requirement of order-in-council500

12. Necessary provisions in treaties500

13. Restrictions on surrender500

B. Liability to surrender502

14. In general502

15. Locus of the offence502

16. Ibid.: Offences on the high seas503

17. Ibid.: Offences in waters of surrendering State505

18. Persons508

19. Accessories508

20. Persons convicted par contumace508

21. Slaves514

22. Other limitations imposed by treaty518

C. Offences520

23. Extradition crimes520

24. Requirement of a crime within the treaty520

25. Significance and interpretation of crimes listed in treaties520

26. Double criminality523

D. Procedure for apprehension526

27. Requisition526

28. Order of Secretary of State527

29. Evidence required for warrant of arrest527

30. Arrest: Provisional arrest528

31. Arrest on board foreign vessel529

32. Applications by private persons535

33. Discharge by Secretary of State’s order537

E. Trial and Evidence539

34. Jurisdiction539

35. Bail539

36. Proceedings elsewhere than at Bow Street Police Court541

37. Order-in-Council: Foreign warrant etc541

38. Proper found on accused545

39. Miscellaneous: Testimony of witnesses in foreign proceedings548

F. Committal， surrender and discharge551

40. Committal551

41. Proceedings by way of appeal: Habeas corpus551

42. Surrender552

43. Discharge after committal555

G. Application of the Acts to fugitives from the United Kingdom556

44. In general556

45. Procedure556

46. Powers of police560

H. Miscellaneous565

47. Competing requisitions565

48. Effect of failure to pursue requisition or secure committal566

49. Transit of extradited persons569

SECTION ⅠV: THE PRINCIPLE OF SPECIALITY577

50. Practice before 1870577

51. Ibid.: Case of Bennet C Burley579

52. Select Committee of 1868582

53. Extradition Act， 1870585

54. Caldwell’s case586

55. Controversy with the United States: Lawrence， Winslow andHawes cases587

56. Negotiations for a new treaty603

57. The Royal Commission607

58. Further negotiations with the United States608

59. Case of G. E. Underwood610

60. Leda Lamontagne’s case614

61. Case of Adolf Distler621

62. Case of Gaston Thiriot622

63. Case of George Emanuel Andreasen624

64. Other cases: Sinzheimer， Loewy， Hertz， Collins， Bosch624

65. Civil imprisonment628

66. Effect of consent of accused: Lamirande and Arton cases631

67. Ibid.: De la Houpliere’s case635

68. Ibid.: Other cases: Sommer， Lindemann， Berger， McIntyre638

69. Re-extradition from requesting State: Bourdiol’s case642

70. Ibid.: Hamel’s case: De Valmore’s case645

71. Kuhliger’s case646

SECTION V : THE PRINCIPLE OF NON- EXTRADITION OF POLITICAL OFFENDERS653

72. Practice before 1820653

73. Select Committee of 1868659

74. Extradition Act，1870664

75. Negotiations with the United States665

76. Royal Commission Of 1878668

77. Case of the Cuban rebels669

78. Definition of political offence: Judicial decisions671

79. Ibid.: Executive determinations673

80. Ibid.: Misceaneous678

SECTION VⅠ: EXTRADITION OF NATIONALS683

81. Practice before 1878: Earlier treaties683

82. Royal Commission of 1878684

83. Revision of treaties687

84. Ibid.: Proof of nationality， etc689

85. Protected persons695

SECTION VⅡ: RENDITION OF MERCHANT SEAMEN，NAVAL AND MILITARY DESERTERS699

86. Merchant seamen deserters699

87. Deserters from vessels of war702

88. Military deserters: Local agreements708

89. Ibid.: Principle of speciality710

90. Ibid.: Larceny of uniform711

SECTION VⅢ: EXTRADITION AND RENDITION FROM BRITISH POSSESSIONS ANDPROTECTORATES AND FROM CAPITULATION COUNTRIES717

A. Local arrangements with foreign states717

91. West Indian colonies and Venezuala717

92. British Honduras and Guatemala， Honduras and Mexico720

93. British Guiana and French Guiana721

94. Hong Kong and China721

95. Hong Kong and Macao726

96. India and French Indian settlements726

97. India and Portuguese Indian settlements727

98. India and （native） Burma727

99. India， Burma and Siam727

100. Labuan and Borneo728

101. Malta and Italy728

102. Sierra Leone， Gold Coast and neighbouring territories729

103. Gold Coast and Dutch West African settlements730

104. South African colonies and the Boer republics730

105. South African colonies and native chiefs731

B. Implementation of earlier Imperial treaties in British possessions732

106. Canada732

C. Application of the Imperial Acts in British possessions735

107. In general735

108. Canada735

109. Inter-action of Canadian and Imperial legislation737

110. Other British possessions: Effect of Colonial warrants741

111. After-acquired territory743

D. Legislation of British possessions authorising renditionotherwise than under treaty745

112. Canada: Straits Settlements745

E. Rendition between protectorates etc， and foreign states747

113. Cyprus747

114. African protectorates749

115. Malay States and North Borneo756

F. Capitulation countries758

116. Capitulation countries758

SECTION ⅠX: INTER-IMPERIAL RENDITION767

A. In general767

117. Constitutional basis767

118. International significance767

B. The Fugitive Offenders Acts768

119. Application768

120. Incorporation of local legislation768

121. Offences768

122. Persons769

123. Procedure: Fugitives from the United Kingdom770

124. Evidence772

125. Powers of magistrate in general: Bail773

126. Habeas corpus773

127. Discharge after committal: Alternative of trial in the UnitedKingdom773

128. Return of person discharged or acquitted: Compensation forwrongful apprehension774

129. Inter-colonial backing of warrants774

130. Supplementary provisions776

C. Rendition to and f rom protectorates， protected statesand British extraterritorial jurisdiction778

（i） EARLIER ARRANGEMENTS778

131. Indian Native States778

132. Malay States and North Borneo780

133. Tonga781

134. Capitulation countries781

（ii） APPLICATION OF THE FUGITIVE OFFENDERS ACTS TO PROTECTORATES，PROTECTED STATES AND CAPITULATION COUNTRIES783

135. Protectorates783

136. Protected states783

137. Capitulation countries784

APPENDIX789

1. The Extradition Acts， 1870-1906789

2. Report of the Select Committee on Extradition， 1868.804

3. Report of the Royal Commission on Extradition， 1878805

4. List of Extradition treaties concluded by the United Kingdomto 1914.819

5. The Fugitive Offenders Acts， 1881-1915822

Index837