《A BRITISH DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 7 PART VII CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19》

CHAPTER 18: CENTRAL ORGANS3

SECTION Ⅰ: THE HEAD OF STATE3

1. In general3

2. Types of Heads of State6

3. The Crown of the United Kingdom8

4. The Crown in foreign relations17

5. Ibid.: The war power26

6. Ibid.: The treaty-making power39

7. Ibid.: Annexation and cession of territory53

8. Privileges and immunities of Heads of State in general82

9. Dignity: Inviolability84

10. The right to sue91

11. Immunity from suit96

12. Ibid.: Miscellaneous106

13. Immunity of the family and suite of the Head of State113

14. Indirect impleader116

15. Exceptions to immunity: Trust funds； Private immovable proper118

16. Waiver of immunity120

SECTION Ⅱ: CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS OF STATE127

17. In general127

18. Central executive organs130

19. Political sub-division of States133

20. Legislative assemblies136

21. Municipal judicial organs and international law146

22. Persona standi in judicio of central organs149

SECTION Ⅲ: THE MINISTER AND MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS155

23. In general155

24. The Office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs156

25. The Foreign Office160

26. The “Foreign Office Certificate”186

SECTIONⅣ: OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT219

27. In general219

28. The Home Office222

29. The Board of Trade225

30. The Colonial Office229

31. The India Office232

32. The Service Departments240

33. The Legal Advisors of the Crown242

SECTION Ⅴ : PUBLIC SHIPS285

A. In general285

34. Classification285

B. Warships286

35. In general286

36. Admission to territorial waters288

37. Admission to ports and rivers290

38. Admission to Straits: The Dardanelles and the Bosphorus312

39. Requirement of compliance with local regulations325

40. Immunities of warships in foreign ports329

41. Immunity from process347

42. Service of process on board ship366

43. Jurisdiction over officers and crew370

44. Miscellaneous374

45. Asylum on board warships: Common criminals377

46. Ibid.: Political refugees383

47. Ibid.: Fugitive slaves389

C. Public ships other than warships433

48. In general433

49. Merchant ships converted to warships in time of war439

50. Mail ships460

51. Immunity of State ships engaged in commerce495

SECTION Ⅵ: LAND FORCES509

52. In general509

CHAPTER 19: DIPLOMATIC AGENTS525

SECTION Ⅰ: INTRODUCTORY525

1. Diplomatic agents in general525

2. Functions526

SECTION Ⅱ: THE RIGHT OF LEGATION531

3. In general531

4. The duty to receive embassies532

5. Deposed monarchs and monarchs in exile534

6. States under suzerainty: Servia and Roumania535

7. Ibid..The South African Republic543

8. States members of a Confederation548

9. The East India Company549

10. Rebels550

11. The Holy See551

12. The right of legation by treaty562

13. Appointment of a representative to more than one State563

14. Representation of the interests of third States563

SECTION Ⅲ: THE BEGINNING OF THE DIPLOMATIC MISSION569

15. Appointment of diplomatic agents: Qualifications569

16. Agréation: Agrément569

17. Instances of refusal of foreign States to accept H.M. agents571

18. Instances of refusal of H.M. Government to accept foreign agents574

19. Credentials and letters of appointment - In general578

20. Credentials conferring diplomatic status578

21. When credentials are not required582

22. Credentials to or from a Regent583

23. Form of credentials584

24. Appointment and form of credentials for a Chargé d'Affaires ad interim585

25. Form of letters of recall and recredentials586

26. Form of Commission of Appointment587

27. Full powers: In general588

28. Types of full powers588

29. Relationship of full powers to diplomatic status590

30. When full powers are not required590

31. Full powers to sign591

32. Form of full powers592

33. Form of royal warrant for afflxing the Great Seal to full powers593

34. Instructions593

35. Reception of diplomatic agents—The ceremony at the Court ofSt. James597

36. Appointment of subordinate members of missions598

SECTION Ⅳ: THE END OF THE DIPLOMATIC MISSION603

37. In general603

38. Withdrawal604

39. Dismissal and request for recall—In general608

40. Dismissal of foreign agents by H.M. Government609

41. Instances of dismissal of H.M. Agents by foreign governments624

42. Extinction of the receiving State642

43. Extinction of the sending State642

44. Extinction of the government of the receiving State642

45. Extinction of the government of the sending State647

SECTION Ⅴ: CLASSIFICATION AND PRECEDENCE OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS655

46. The Diplomatic Corps655

47. The Doyen of the Diplomatic Corps655

48. The Règlement of Vienna （1815）656

49. Choice of class of agent657

50. Distinction between classes of diplomatic agents658

51. The right of audience660

52. Ambassadors and Envoys Extraordinary660

53. Agents on special missions: Article 3 of the Règlement663

54. The time from which seniority runs: Article 4 of the Règlement665

55. Papal representatives: Article 4 of the Règlement667

56. Combined diplomatic and consular appointments669

57. Distinction between diplomatic rank and personal rank in thediplomatic or foreign service671

SECTION Ⅵ: OTHER CATEGORIES OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS675

58. Commissioners （or commissaries）675

59. Ibid.: Privileges and immunities678

60. Form of commission679

61. Officials of and delegates to international organisations680

SECTION VII: MISCELLANEOUS RIGHTS AND DUTIES680

62. The diplomatic agent as personal representative of the Sovereign685

63. The diplomatic agent as agent of his State686

64. The right to reside in the capital688

65. The duty to abstain from interference in the internal affairs of the receiving State690

SECTION Ⅷ: PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS693

A. In general693

66. Basis in international law693

67. The Theory of Ex- （or Extra-） territoriality696

B. Inviolability of diplomatic Agents696

68. General: The Vienna Convention700

69. Public service: Military obligations701

70. Protection from injuries or insults701

71. Injuries and insults to diplomatic agents in England702

72. Libels upon diplomatic agents709

73. Murder of a diplomatic agent711

74. Instances of injuries and insults to H.M. diplomatic agents712

75. Freedom from arrest: The present law of the United Kingdom716

C. Immunity from civil jurisdiction717

76. In general717

77. The Act 7 Anne, c. 12: The present law718

78. The head of mission732

79. The subordinate diplomatic staff734

80. Servants: “Service staff”739

81. Chaplains, etc.: “Administrative and technical staff”749

82. The family of the diplomatic agent754

83. Immunity from execution755

D. Immunity from criminal process756

84. Diplomatic agents: The earlier law and practice of the UnitedKingdom756

85. Ibid.: The present law of the United Kingdom771

86. Domestic servants: The earlier law of the United Kingdom771

87. The present law of the United Kingdom: “Administrative and technical staff”； “service staff”； private servants793

88. The family of the diplomatic agent794

89. Privileges in relation to traffic regulations （other than cases of arrest795

E. Other jurisdictional immunities798

90. Administrative jurisdiction798

91. The giving of evidence798

92. Oaths and affidavits805

93. Security for costs807

94. Jury service808

95. Inquests809

F. Exemption from taxation812

96. General812

97. Taxes payable after death821

98. Local rates823

99. Social security taxes, etc836

100. Customs privileges837

G. Nationals of the United Kingdom employed by foreign missions843

101. In general843

H. Commencement, termination, waiver and curtailment ofprivileges and immunities843

102. Commencement856

103. Recall856

104. Dismissal of subordinate members of missions and servants862

105. Death864

106. Submission: Waiver867

107. Curtailment875

SECTION Ⅸ: PROOF OF DIPLOMATIC STATUS879

108. In general879

SECTION Ⅹ: STATUS OF DIPLOMATIC PREMISES887

109. In general887

110. Premises other than the mission house894

111. Marriages in the diplomatic premises896

112. Jurisdiction of the head of mission over persons in the diplomatic premises897

113. The Case of Sun Yat Sen898

SECTION XI: ASYLUM IN DIPLOMATIC PREMISES AND IN CONSULATES905

114. In general905

115. The custom of Bast923

SECTION Ⅻ: OTHER PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES931

116. Freedom of worship931

117. Freedom of communication934

SECTION ⅩⅢ : POSITION OF ENVOYS IN THIRD STATES941

118. In general941

119. In time of peace942

120. In time of war: Interference with an agent by a belligerent on its own territory944

121. Ibid.: Interference with an agent in neutral territory946

122. Ibid.: Neutral agents and belligerent occupation950

123. The duties of an agent with regard to the relations between the receiving State and a third State953

SECTION XIV: MISCELLANEOUS957

124. The domicile of a diplomatic agent957

125. The language of diplomacy961

APPENDIX971

1. Diplomatic Privileges Bill, 1964: Explanatory Memorandum971

2. The Diplomatic Privileges Act, 1964 （Ch. 81）972

3. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961975

4. The International Organisations （Immunities and Privileges） Act,1950987

5. The Diplomatic Immunities （Commonwealth Countries andRepublic of Ireland） Act, 1952991

6. The Diplomatic Immunities （Conferences with Commonwealth Countries and Republic of Ireland） Act, 1961993

Index997