《INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR SEAGOING OFFICERS FOURTH EDITION》

1 scope and sources1

Introduction1

The U.S. Government and International Law5

Historical Background9

Sources10

2 Sovereign States and their Diplomatic Representatives15

Introduction15

Restrictions upon Sovereignty17

Acquisition of Sovereignty24

Loss of Sovereignty27

Rights and Duties of States28

Diplomatic Affairs30

Consular Affairs42

International Law Governing Diplomatic andConsular Relations46

3Territo—Land47

General47

The Nature of Territory47

Acquisition of Territory48

Loss of Territory59

Boundaries59

Servitudes61

4Territo—Water63

Introduction63

Breadth of the Territorial Sea64

Measurement of Territorial Seas77

Use of Territorial Seas83

Straits—Transit Passage85

The Contiguous Zone91

Hot Pursuit91

5Ships93

Introduction93

Rules of the Road93

Nuclear Power Plants at Sea99

Warships99

Merchant Ships114

6The High Seas120

Introduction120

Historical Comment122

Fisheries and the Exclusive Economic Zone126

The Continental Shelf136

Scientific Research138

Pollution—Protection of the Marine Environment142

Seabeds151

Closed Seas157

Ocean Sectors159

Beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone159

Commentary160

7 Territory—Air and Space166

Introduction166

Air166

Space172

International Communications179

Meteorology181

8 Persons183

Introduction183

Aliens and Nationality184

U.S. Citizens in Foreign Countries186

Jurisdiction of Foreign Courts187

9Armed Conict and Protection of War Victims201

General201

Definitions202

The Law of Armed Conflict203

The International Committee of the Red Cross208

Protection of War Victims208

Prisoners of War211

Sick， Wounded， and Shipwrecked215

10Land， Aerial， and Naval Warfare226

Introduction226

General Principles226

War on Land230

Aerial Warfare236

Naval Warfare243

Rights and Duties of Neutrals256

Enforcement of the Law of Armed Conflict259

11Collective Security—International Organizations262

Introduction262

The United Nations263

Regional Organizations—Collective Defense268

Communist Attitude towards Collective Defense274

Specialized Agencies275

The European Economic Community275

12International Instruments—Enforcement277

International Instruments277

Enforcement282

Conclusion294

Conspectus296

Appendices305

A. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959305

B. Panama Canal Treaty of 1977312

C. Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality andOperation of the Panama Canal （1977）330

D. Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone336

E. Straits Used for International Navigation347

F. Archipelagic States352

G. Exclusive Economic Zone356

H. Continental Shelf368

I. High Seas373

J. Regime of Islands—Enclosed or Semi-EnclosedSeas—Right of Access of Land-Locked Statesto and from the Sea and Freedom of Transit384

K. Protection and Preservation of the MarineEnvironment388

L. Marine Scientific Research409

M. The Conduct of Armed Coniflct419

N. Multilateral Treaty on Principles Governingthe Activities of States in the Explorationand Use of Outer Space， including the Moonand other Celestial Bodies429

O. Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance（Rio Pact）436

P. North Atlantic Treaty445

Q. Security Treaty between the United States ofAmerica and Japan451

Glossary455

Bibliography463

Index475