《Table 1.Details of the 21 ESCSs according to the-3/5 criteria.》

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《Extreme spring cold spells in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes》

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Using the-3/5 criteria，we identify 21 ESCSs during1961–2014（Table 1）.When the ESCS criteria are loosened to-2/5，more events（65）are identified.But，overall，the evolving processes of ESCSs identified by these two different sets of criteria（-3/5 and-2/5）are very similar，with the only difference being that the intensity of the anomalies is somewhat weaker when the criteria are loosened to-2/5.The frequency of ESCSs（Table 1），as identified by the-3/5 criteria，shows obvious interdecadal variation.There are six，three，three，five，one，and three ESCSs during the1960s，1970s，1980s，1990s，2000s，and 2010s，respectively.There are more ESCSs during the 1960s and1990s（six and five），and fewer in the 1970s，1980s and2000s（three，three and one，respectively）.However，during the 1970s，two of the three ESCSs last for 16and 17 days，which is much longer than under the criteria of five days.Besides，there is a good chance that more than three ESCSs will be recorded during the 2010s，considering three have already occurred during 2010–14.