《Table 7Advantages and disadvantages of different instrument analysis methods.》

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《"Extrinsic harmful residues in Chinese herbal medicines: types,detection, and safety evaluation"》

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Once heavy metals and harmful elements are absorbed into the human body，the morphology and valence begin to change.The main forms and valences are reflected in the following three steps.The initial forms are the stable inorganic cation，such as As（Ⅲ）and As（V），Hg（Ⅱ）and Hg（Ⅰ）.Then，a stable or unstable complex is formed by an element with a ligand，such as an arsenin protein complex.Afterwards，the elements and carbon covalent link become organic compounds，such as methylmercury，ethylmercury，and dimethylmercury.Analysis of heavy metals and harmful elements in the morphology is helpful for the toxicology study，but these forms are always of trace amounts.Therefore，the analysis faces much more challenges.Luo et al.（2017）and Han，Luo，Zhou，Yang and Yang（2016）explored the arsenic morphology and valence state in vivo after oral administration of Xiao er Zhibao Wan using HPLC-ICP-MS.This study inferred that the toxicity of arsenic was concentration-and time-dependent.The accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid，a byproduct of choline metabolism，was responsible for inducing higher toxicity.The pollution of heavy metals and harmful elements in CHMs has been summarized in Table 8.