《Table 3 Statistical indicators of model performance at the three different monitoring stations of t

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《基于SWAT模型模拟乌江三岔河生态系统产流服务及其空间变异（英文）》

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This study utilizes measured runoff data from the Yangchang，Longchangqiao，Yachi，and Hongjiadu hydrological stations for parameter sensitivity analyses and model calibration and validation.Parameter sensitivity analyses were performed using the LH-OAT method embedded in the model and measured runoff data from hydrological stations.The results are shown in Table 2，which demonstrates that the most influential parameters for the runoff simulation were:the initial curve number（II）value（CN2），which controls surface hydrological processes under soil moisture condition II（moderately moist soils）；available water capacity（SOL＿AWC）；the soil evaporation compensation factor（ESCO）；maximum canopy storage（CANMX）；baseflow alpha factor（ALPHA＿BF），which controls subsurface hydrological processes；the groundwater delay time（GW＿DELAY）；threshold water depth in the shallow aquifer for flow（GWQMN）；and channel effective hydraulic conductivity（CH＿K2），which controls the main stream confluence.Based on the parameter sensitivity results and actual hydrological processes，the adjustable parameters were CN2，SOL＿AWC，ALPHA＿BF，GWQMN，and CH＿K2.These parameters were adjusted several times until the simulated values were close to the measured values.The final values for all parameters are listed in Table 2.For groundwater runoff，previous studies on subsurface hydrological processes in karst areas（recharge，runoff，and discharge）（Amatya et al.，2011；Chen et al.，2014） were examined.Parameters were adjusted and validated several times to ensure accurate simulation results.Eventually，ALPHA＿BF and GWQMN were set to 0.048–0.5 and 1000，respectively.