《Table 4 Estimated parameters for the variance components (standard deviation SD) and dispersion par

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《"Longitudinal height-diameter curves for Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Norway based on shape constraint additive regression models"》

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The prediction accuracy of the models（standard error of tree height estimation）is only slightly influenced by the specification of shape constraints（Table 3）.If only the fixed effects are taken into account（mean population model），the standard error of the gamm（Eq.7）differs only slightly from the standard error of the scam（Eq.8）.For spruce and pine the scam standard errors are even a little lower.For the purpose of comparison，additional generalized additive models（gam）were parameterized，because the prediction accuracy of the mean population model of mixed models is normally a little lower.When compared to the scam，the prediction accuracy of the gam is only marginally higher（spruce，pine）or the same（birch）.