《Table 1–Properties of water used for experiments (unit:mg/L) .》

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《Enhanced nitrate reduction in water by a combined bio-electrochemical system of microbial fuel cells and submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum》

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The experiment was conducted mainly using plexiglass tubes with a height（diameter）of 67（15）cm and a total volume of11.8 L.The bottom of tubes was sealed tightly to avoid the water leakage during experiment.The submerged aquatic plant C.demersum commonly found in Yangtze River basin was collected from an exuberant area of West Lake，Hangzhou，Zhejiang Province，China（30°21′N and 120°15′E）.Ceratophyllum demersum were firstly pre-cultured in the lake water for one week.Thereafter，the top 20 cm shoots clipped from the well-grown plants were as the prepared materials.The Qiantang River water has the characteristic of lower level of chemical oxygen demand（COD）and higher concentration NO3-after the sedimentation process and denitrogen treatments.Such characteristic water was taken as the experimental overlying water（Table 1）.Sediments of the surface layer（20 cm）were firstly collected from the same sampling site of plants at West Lake，then followed by a screening process using a 2-mm sieve to remove the mixed debris，and finally mixed homogenously for use.The initial properties of prepared sediments were shown in Table 2.Non-catalyzed graphite felts with a thickness of 0.5 cm were used as the electrode materials.The felts were washed with pure water after soaked in 1 mol/L HCl for 24 hr and then dried for use.